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To what extent do international organizations, global policy networks, and transnational policy entrepreneurs influence domestic policy makers? Have we entered a new phase of globalization that, unbeknownst to most citizens, shapes policies that used to be the sole domain of domestic politics? Privatizing Pensions reveals how international institutions--such as the World Bank, USAID, and other transnational policy actors--have played a seminal role in the development, diffusion, and implementation of new pension reforms that are transforming the postwar social contract in more than thirty countries worldwide, including the United States. Mitchell Orenstein shows how transnational actors have driven change in a policy area once thought to be beyond reform in many countries, and how they have done so by deploying their unique resources and legitimacy to promote new ideas, recruit disciples worldwide, and provide a broad range of technical assistance to government reformers over the long term. He demonstrates that while domestic decision makers may retain veto power over these reforms--which replace traditional social security with individual pension savings accounts--transnational policy makers play the role of "proposal actors," shaping the information, preferences, and resources of their domestic clients. Privatizing Pensions argues that even the most quintessentially domestic areas of policy have been thoroughly globalized, and that these international influences must be better understood.

Pensions --- Social security --- Government policy. --- Insurance, Social --- Insurance, State and compulsory --- Social insurance --- Compensation --- Pension plans --- Retirement pensions --- Superannuation --- Insurance --- Income maintenance programs --- Retirement income --- Annuities --- Social security individual investment accounts --- Vested benefits --- #SBIB:316.8H40 --- #SBIB:35H437 --- 368.43 --- AA / International- internationaal --- Government policy --- Sociaal beleid: social policy, sociale zekerheid, verzorgingsstaat --- Beleidssectoren: sociale zekerheid --- Ouderdomsverzekering. Voorbarige dood. Weduwen en wezen --- Social policy

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Taxing Wages provides unique information on income tax paid by workers and social security contributions levied on employees and their employers in OECD countries. In addition, this annual publication specifies family benefits paid as cash transfers. Amounts of taxes and benefits are detailed program by program, for eight household types which differ by income level and household composition. Results reported include the marginal and effective tax burden for one- and two-earner families, and total labour costs of employers. This year's issue includes a Special feature entitled ""Tax reforms an

Income -- OECD countries -- Statistics. --- Income tax -- OECD countries -- Statistics. --- Income tax. --- Social security -- OECD countries -- Statistics. --- Social security. --- Taxation -- OECD countries -- Statistics. --- Wages -- OECD countries -- Statistics. --- Wages. --- Taxation --- Income tax --- Social security --- Wages --- Compensation --- Departmental salaries --- Earnings --- Pay --- Remuneration --- Salaries --- Wage-fund --- Wage rates --- Working class --- Insurance, Social --- Insurance, State and compulsory --- Social insurance --- Personal income tax --- Taxable income --- Taxation of income --- Duties --- Fee system (Taxation) --- Tax policy --- Tax reform --- Taxation, Incidence of --- Taxes --- Income --- Labor costs --- Compensation management --- Cost and standard of living --- Prices --- Insurance --- Income maintenance programs --- Direct taxation --- Internal revenue --- Progressive taxation --- Tithes --- Finance, Public --- Revenue

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Social policy --- Social security law --- Developing countries --- #SBIB:316.8H40 --- #SBIB:35H437 --- AA / International- internationaal --- LDC / Developping Countries - Pays En Développement --- 313 --- 201 --- 338.340 --- 339.21 --- 14.01 --- Sociaal beleid: social policy, sociale zekerheid, verzorgingsstaat --- Beleidssectoren: sociale zekerheid --- Levenswijze en levensstandaard. Levensminimum. sociale indicatoren (Studiën). --- Sociologie: algemeenheden. --- Algemene ontwikkeling in de Derde Wereld. --- Ongelijkheid en herverdeling van vermogens en inkomens. Inkomensbeleid. --- Microfinanciering en -verzekeringen ; Algemeen --- Pauvres --- Pauvreté --- Protection, assistance, etc. --- Politique publique --- Politique sociale. --- Poor --- Poverty --- Public welfare --- Social security --- Insurance, Social --- Insurance, State and compulsory --- Social insurance --- Insurance --- Income maintenance programs --- Benevolent institutions --- Poor relief --- Public assistance --- Public charities --- Public relief --- Public welfare reform --- Relief (Aid) --- Social welfare --- Welfare (Public assistance) --- Welfare reform --- Human services --- Social service --- Destitution --- Wealth --- Basic needs --- Begging --- Subsistence economy --- Services for --- Sociologie: algemeenheden --- Levenswijze en levensstandaard. Levensminimum. sociale indicatoren (Studiën) --- Algemene ontwikkeling in de Derde Wereld --- Ongelijkheid en herverdeling van vermogens en inkomens. Inkomensbeleid --- Government policy --- Politique sociale

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New Zealand has experienced both sweeping economic and social reform and growing poverty and income inequality in the last twenty years. This book explores the changes to social security provision and coverage in the context of these developments and of widening national and international poverty and inequality. The book argues that the policy initiatives have altered the nature of social security and in doing so have significantly transformed the nature of social citizenship. The author brings the New Zealand data together in a way that has not been done previously and provides the reader with both a detailed discussion of the work on poverty and living standards in New Zealand and the political and economic context within which social security changes have occurred. Linking the discussion to international changes in social security and to the international literature on poverty and inequality, the author demonstrates the important implications the New Zealand directions have for the development of social security internationally. The book will be of considerable interest for all those interested in international reshaping of state support for the poorest and most vulnerable and its development in a neoliberal and Third Way.

Social security. --- Social policy. --- Social conditions --- Poverty. --- POLITICAL SCIENCE --- SOCIAL SCIENCE --- Poverty --- Social security --- Public Policy --- Social Policy. --- Human Services. --- Social Services & Welfare. --- New Zealand. --- New Zealand --- Social conditions. --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Civilization --- Destitution --- Wealth --- Basic needs --- Begging --- Poor --- Subsistence economy --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- Social sciences --- State, The --- Descriptive sociology --- Social history --- History --- Sociology --- National planning --- State planning --- Economic policy --- Family policy --- Insurance, Social --- Insurance, State and compulsory --- Social insurance --- Insurance --- Income maintenance programs --- Aotearoa --- N.Z. (New Zealand) --- Nea Zēlandia --- Neu-Seeland --- Neuseeland --- Nieu-Seeland --- Niu-hsi-lan --- Nouvelle-Zélande --- Nov-Zelando --- Nova Zelanda --- Nova Zelandii︠a︡ --- Novai︠a︡ Zelandii︠a︡ --- Novai︠a︡ Zelandyi︠a︡ --- Novi Zeland --- Nový Zéland --- Novzelando --- Nowa Zelandia --- Nu Ziland --- Nueva Zelanda --- Nueva Zelandia --- Nuova Zelanda --- Nya Zeeland --- Nýja-Sjáland --- Nýsæland --- Nyū Jīrando --- Nyu Ziland --- Nyūjīrando --- NZ --- Seland Newydd --- Uus-Meremaa --- Zeelanda Berria --- Νέα Ζηλανδία --- Нова Зеландия --- Новая Зеландыя --- ניו זילנד --- ニュージーランド

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This paper studies the effects of household income on labor participation and school enrollment of children aged 10 to 14 in Brazil using a social security reform as a source of exogenous variation in household income. Estimates imply that the gap between actual and full school enrollment was reduced by 20 percent for girls living in the same household as an elderly benefiting from the reform. Girls' labor participation rates reduced with increased benefit income, but only when benefits were received by a female elderly. Effects on boys' enrollment rates and labor participation were in general smaller and statistically insignificant.

Income --- Child labor --- Social security --- School enrollment --- Econometric models. --- Brazil --- Economic conditions --- Social conditions --- Barriers to school enrollment --- Enrollment, School --- Student enrollment --- Insurance, Social --- Insurance, State and compulsory --- Social insurance --- Children --- Employment of children --- Family income --- Fortunes --- Household income --- Personal income --- Employment --- Brazylia --- República Federativa do Brasil --- Brasil --- République fédérative du Brésil --- Brésil --- Brasilien --- Pa-hsi --- Federative Republic of Brazil --- Brasile --- Brazilië --- Brazilia --- Бразил --- Федерациэм Республикэ Бразил --- Federat︠s︡iėm Respublikė Brazil --- Brasilië --- Federale Republiek van Brasilië --- البرازيل --- al-Barāzīl --- برازيل --- Barāzīl --- Rèpublica fèdèrativa du Brèsil --- Pindorama --- Tetã Pindorama --- Wrasil --- Tantasqa Republika Wrasil --- Braziliya --- Braziliya Federativ Respublikası --- Pa-se --- Pa-se Liân-pang Kiōng-hô-kok --- Бразилия --- Brazilii︠a︡ --- Бразилия Федератив Республикаhы --- Brazilii︠a︡ Federativ Respublikaḣy --- Бразілія --- Федэратыўная Рэспубліка Бразілія --- Fedėratyŭnai︠a︡ Rėspublika Brazilii︠a︡ --- Федеративна република Бразилия --- Federativna republika Brazilii︠a︡ --- Federativna republika Brazil --- Republik Kevreel Brazil --- República Federal del Brasil --- Бразили --- Brazili --- Бразили Федеративлă Республики --- Brazili Federativlă Respubliki --- Brazilská federativní republika --- Pederatibong Republika sa Brasil --- Republica Federativa del Brazil --- Republica Federale di u Brasile --- Gweriniaeth Ffederal Brasil --- Brasilia --- ブラジル --- Burajiru --- Education --- Insurance --- Income maintenance programs --- Labor --- Age and employment --- Economics --- Finance --- Property --- Wealth --- Gross national product --- Profit --- Purchasing power --- Demographic aspects --- Macroeconomics --- Demography --- Women''s Studies' --- Education: General --- Economics of the Elderly --- Economics of the Handicapped --- Non-labor Market Discrimination --- Labor Economics: General --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Population & demography --- Labour --- income economics --- Gender studies --- women & girls --- Aging --- Women --- Population aging --- Labor economics