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Book
Globalization Drives Strategic Product Switching
Authors: --- ---
ISBN: 1451915578 1462370926 1282841971 1452796491 9786612841972 145187104X Year: 2008 Volume: WP/08/246 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : International Monetary Fund,

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Abstract

Using firm-level data for Estonia for the years 1997-2005, we analyze the impact of international competition on firm dynamics, considering both firm closedown and product switching. We contribute to the literature in two important ways: (1) this is the first paper to study the determinants of exit and product switching in an emerging market; and (2) we consider explicitly the role of export opportunities. Our results indicate that globalization does not affect firm exit significantly but it is an important factor explaining product switching. Previous studies on industrial countries have shown that product switching has been a defensive strategy against low-cost imports. In contrast, our results suggest that Estonian firms have switched products as an offensive strategy to take advantage of the export opportunities created by trade liberalization.


Book
Doing business 2009 : comparing regulation in 181 economies.
Authors: ---
ISBN: 0821376098 9786611805470 1281805475 0821376101 Year: 2008 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : [Basingstoke : World Bank ; Distributed by Palgrave],

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Comparing business regulation in 181 economies. Doing Business 2009 is the sixth in a series of annual reports comparing business regulations in 181 economies. Doing Business 2009 measures regulations affecting 10 areas of everyday business: Starting a business; steps, time, cost, and minimum capital to register a new business; Enforcing contracts; steps, time, and cost to enforce a commercial contract; Employing workers; indices of employment law rigidities; cost of economic redundancies; Getting credit; extent of credit information sharing and creditor rights; Closing a business; steps, time, and cost to close down a business; recovery rate for creditor; Registering property; steps, time, and cost to transfer ownership of commercial real estate; Protecting investors; indices on disclosure, investor suits, and standing in court; Dealing with construction permits; steps, time, and cost of business inspections and licensing; Paying taxes; statutory rates, number of taxes paid, and number of hours spent on preparing tax returns; Trading across borders; steps, time, and number of documents necessary to export and import; Doing Business 2009 updates all sets of indicators, ranks economies on their overall ease of doing business, and analyzes reforms to business regulation-identifying identifying which countries are improving the most. The indicators are used to analyze economic outcomes and identify what reforms have worked, where and why. Doing Business 2009 focuses on how complex business regulations can impact business growth and job creation.

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