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The energy sector is sensitive to changes in seasonal weather patterns and extremes - e.g. floods, droughts, fire, storm, and landslide, that can affect the supply of energy, impact transmission capacity, disrupt oil and gas production, and impact the integrity of transmission pipelines and power distribution. Much infrastructure, built to design codes based on historic climate data, will require decisions in coming years regarding rehabilitation, upgrade or replacement. This poses both a challenge and an opportunity for adaptation. This review is one of a series of sector-based papers commissioned as background to the report -managing uncertainty: adapting to climate change in ECA countries' targeted at internal World Bank audiences as well as counterparts in client countries.

Adaptation --- Adaptation to Climate Change --- Climate Change --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Environment --- Environment and Energy Efficiency --- Transport

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This paper analyzes the economic and environmental consequences of a potential demand side management program in Thailand using a general equilibrium model. The program considers replacement of less efficient electrical appliances in the household sector with more efficient counterparts. The study further examines changes in the economic and environmental effects of the program if it is implemented under the clean development mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, which provides carbon subsidies to the program. The study finds that the demand side management program would increase economic welfare if the ratio of unit cost of electricity savings to price of electricity is 0.4 or lower even in the absence of the clean development mechanism. If the program's ratio of unit cost of electricity savings to price of electricity is greater than 0.4, registration of the program under the clean development mechanism would be needed to achieve positive welfare impacts. The level of welfare impacts would, however, depend on the price of carbon credits the program generates. For a given level of welfare impacts, the registration of the demand side management program under the clean development mechanism would increase the volume of emission reductions.

Clean energy --- Climate Change --- Climate change --- Cost of electricity --- Economic Theory and Research --- Electric utilities --- Electricity savings --- Emission --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy conservation --- Energy prices --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Environment --- Environment and Energy Efficiency --- Environmental consequences --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Price of electricity

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The Clean Development Mechanism, a provision of The Kyoto Protocol, allows countries that have pledged to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to gain credit toward their treaty obligations by investing in projects located in developing (host) countries. Such projects are expected to benefit both parties by providing low-cost abatement opportunities for the investor-country, while facilitating capital and technology flows to the host country. This paper analyzes the Clean Development Mechanism market, emphasizing the cooperation aspects between host and investor countries. The analysis uses a dichotomous (yes/no) variable and three continuous variants to measure the level of cooperation, namely the number of joint projects, the volume of carbon dioxide abatement, and the volume of investment in the projects. The results suggest that economic development, institutional development, the energy structure of the economies, the level of country vulnerability to various climate change effects, and the state of international relations between the host and investor countries are good predictors of the level of cooperation in Clean Development Mechanism projects. The main policy conclusions include the importance of simplifying the project regulation/clearance cycle; improving the governance structure host and investor countries; and strengthening trade or other long-term economic activities that engage the countries.

Abatement --- Carbon --- Carbon dioxide --- Clean development mechanism --- Climate change --- Debt Markets --- Economic development --- Economic Theory and Research --- Economics --- Emerging Markets --- Emission reductions --- Emissions --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Environment --- Environment and Energy Efficiency --- Environmental Economics and Policies --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- ICT Policy and Strategies --- Information and Communication Technologies --- Investment and Investment Climate --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Private Sector Development --- Sustainable development

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This strategic framework serves to guide and support the operational response of the World Bank Group (WBG) to new development challenges posed by global climate change. Unabated, climate change threatens to reverse hard-earned development gains. The poorest countries and communities will suffer the earliest and the most. Yet they depend on actions by other nations, developed and developing. While climate change is an added cost and risk to development, a well-designed and implemented global climate policy can also bring new economic opportunities to developing countries. Climate change demands unprecedented global cooperation involving a concerted action by countries at different development stages supported by "measurable, reportable, and verifiable" transfer of finance and technology to developing countries. Trust of developing countries in equity and fairness of a global climate policy and neutrality of the supporting institutions is critical for such cooperation to succeed. Difficulties with mobilizing resources for achieving the millennium development goals and with agreeing on global agricultural trade underscore the political challenges. The framework will help the WBG maintain the effectiveness of its core mission of supporting growth and poverty reduction. While recognizing added costs and risks of climate change and an evolving global climate policy. The WBG top priority will be to build collaborative relations with developing country partners and provide them customized demand-driven support through its various instruments from financing to technical assistance to constructive advocacy. It will give considerable attention to strengthening resilience of economies and communities to increasing climate risks and adaptation. The operational focus will be on improving knowledge and capacity, including learning by doing. The framework will guide operational programs of WBG entities to support actions whose benefits to developing countries are robust under significant uncertainties about future climate policies and impacts-actions that have "no regrets."

Afforestation --- Capital Markets --- Carbon Credits --- Carbon Dioxide --- Carbon Finance --- Clean Energy --- Climate --- Climate Change --- Climate Change and Environment --- Coal --- Coastal Areas --- Credit --- Decision Making --- Deforestation --- Developed Countries --- Economic Development --- Economics --- Ecosystems --- Electricity --- Emissions --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy Efficiency --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Energy Security --- Energy Supply --- Environment --- Environment and Energy Efficiency --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Equity --- Food Production --- Forests --- Fossil Fuels --- Gdp --- Geothermal Energy --- Hydropower --- Incentives --- Insurance --- Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change --- International Energy Agency --- Knowledge --- Kyoto Protocol --- Land --- Malaria --- Natural Resources --- Nuclear Power --- Population Growth --- Poverty --- Power Sector --- Productivity --- Rainfall --- Renewable Energy --- Risk --- Risk Management --- Savings --- Securities --- Streams --- Temperature --- Trade --- Vehicles --- Waste --- Water --- Water Use --- Wetlands