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This paper exploits unique information on cognitive ability to examine the importance of schooling and non-schooling cognitive skills for heterogeneous individuals using instrumental variables estimation. Using a binary instrument based on the 1981 reform in Chile, the authors find that the main beneficiaries of the reform were those who at the time were pupils in basic schooling (ages 6-13). For this treated group of pupils, only a negligible part of the estimated return to schooling is due to classical ability bias. The labor market reward to an additional year of schooling is a measure of the "true" non-cognitive return to schooling. However, once the treated group is expanded to include secondary school students, the pure return to schooling decreases dramatically, while the return to schooling cognitive and non-schooling cognitive skills increases accordingly, suggesting that a large part of the estimated return in an earnings function is due to classical ability bias. For this treated group (mixture of basic school and secondary school age students), the labor market rewarded cognitive skills (especially those acquired through schooling) significantly.

Basic schooling --- Cognitive skills --- Compulsory schooling --- Education --- Education for All --- Education investments --- Educational attainment --- Educational levels --- Effective Schools and Teachers --- Primary Education --- School age --- School students --- Schooling --- Secondary Education --- Secondary school

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The objective of this rapid assessment is to inform the design of an Urban Youth Empowerment Project by providing information on youth and youth serving initiatives. Terms of reference crime and violence in Port Moresby and the National Capital District (NCD) are widespread and costly. In 2004, 68 percent of households reported that they had been victims of crime at least once in the past year and 51 percent had been victims of multiple crimes. Violence against women is pervasive, with domestic violence and rape, including gang rape, routine. By 2005, there had been small decreases in reported victimization; however, 61 percent of households still reported being victims of at least one crime and 46 percent reported being victims of multiple crimes. At the same time, costs associated with security and theft amounted to an estimated 15 percent of business turnover and law and order problems serve as a deterrent to investment. Young people account for the greatest share of crime and violence, so tackling the problem means addressing the underlying causes of youth crime and violence. This report provides a rapid assessment of youth and youth serving institutions in Port Moresby. The report relies on extensive consultations held in Port Moresby from July 23, 2008. Meetings were held with over 100 young people, their parents, community leaders, government officials, researchers, youth workers, leaders of youth groups and youth serving agencies, and representatives of the international non-governmental and donor agencies.

Abortion --- Access to Education --- Adolescent Health --- Adolescents --- Advocacy --- Child Care --- Children and Youth --- Civil Society Organizations --- Compulsory Schooling --- Crime --- Curriculum --- Decision Making --- Domestic Violence --- Drugs --- Early Childhood Education --- Education --- Educational Attainment --- Gangs --- Health Education --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Outcomes --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Human Rights --- Information Campaigns --- Labor Markets --- Leadership --- Life Expectancy --- Marijuana --- Migration --- Nurses --- Nutrition --- Orphans --- Other Social Development --- Pharmacies --- Primary Education --- Public Health --- Reproductive Health --- Returns to Education --- Safe Sex --- School Attendance --- Schools --- Self-Confidence --- Sex Education --- Social Dev/Gender/Inclusion --- Social Development --- Social Protections and Labor --- Social Skills --- Substance Abuse --- Teacher Training --- Teachers --- Unemployment --- Violence --- Violence Against Women --- Vulnerable Groups --- Wages --- Youth