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Cell Biology --- Cells --- Cell Physiological Phenomena --- Cytology. --- Histology. Cytology --- Cytologie --- Biologie --- Celbiologie --- Cytology --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Biology --- Cytologists --- Cell Physiological Phenomena. --- Cells.

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Cell death --- Cell Death --- Cells --- Cell Physiological Phenomena --- Cell Biology --- Cell death. --- Cytology

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One of the major goals of researchers in the field of apoptosis is to identify targets for novel therapies in cancer, AIDS, and Alzheimer's disease. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of the various components of the apoptotic pathways is the first step to reaching this goal. The 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Sydney Brenner (United Kingdom), H. Robert Horvitz (US) and John E. Sulston (UK) ""for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death."" Cell death is a fundamental aspect of embryonic development, no

Apoptosis. --- Cell death. --- Neoplasms -- etiology. --- Neoplasms -- physiopathology. --- Neoplasms -- therapy. --- Cell Physiological Processes --- Cell Physiological Phenomena --- Phenomena and Processes --- Apoptosis --- Cell Death --- Biology --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Animal Biochemistry --- Cytology --- Cancer cells --- Variation. --- Variation (Biology) --- Cell death

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Once per life cycle, mitotic nuclear divisions are replaced by meiosis I and II – reducing chromosome number from the diploid level to a haploid genome, reshuffling the homologous chromosomes by their centromeres, and recombining chromosome arms by crossing-over. In animals, including humans, all this happens during the germ cell formation of eggs and sperm. Due to the reign of meiosis, no child is a true genetic copy of either parent. Central to mainstream meiosis, the mechanisms of reciprocal exchange at crossover/chiasma sites stand out as a controlled program of biologically significant molecular changes. To initiate the meiotic exchange of DNA, surgical cuts are made as a form of calculated damage that is subsequently repaired by homologous recombination. These key events are accompanied by ancillary provisions at the level of chromosome core organization, sister chromatid cohesion, and differential centromere connectivity. Great progress has been made in recent years to further our understanding of these mechanisms. Questions still open primarily concern the placement of and mutual coordination between neighboring crossover events. The current book addresses these processes and mechanisms in multicellular eukaryotes, such as Drosophila, Arabidopsis, mice and humans. The pioneering model systems of yeasts, as well as evolutionary aspects, will be addressed in a forthcoming volume.

Recombination, Genetic. --- Meiosis. --- Genetic recombination. --- Crossing over (Genetics) --- Recombinaison génétique --- Méiose --- Meiosis --- Recombination, Genetic --- Genetic Processes --- Cell Nucleus Division --- Cell Division --- Genetic Phenomena --- Phenomena and Processes --- Cell Cycle --- Cell Physiological Processes --- Cell Physiological Phenomena --- Cytology --- Genetics --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Reduction division (Genetics) --- Life sciences. --- Human genetics. --- Biochemistry. --- Cell biology. --- Plant genetics. --- Animal genetics. --- Life Sciences. --- Cell Biology. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Animal Genetics and Genomics. --- Human Genetics. --- Plant Genetics & Genomics. --- Cell division --- Karyokinesis --- Genetic recombination --- Translocation (Genetics) --- Chromosomes --- Recombinant DNA --- Cytology. --- Plant Genetics and Genomics. --- Plants --- Heredity, Human --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Composition

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The Nobel Prize was awarded in Physiology or Medicine in 1998 to Louis J. Ignarro, Robert F. Furchgott and Ferid Murad for demonstrating the signaling properties of nitric oxide. Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the few gaseous signaling molecules and is a key biological messenger that plays a role in many biological processes. NO research has led to new treatments for treating heart as well as lung diseases, shock and impotence. (Sildenafil, popularly known by the trade name Viagra, enhances signaling through NO pathways.) Scientists are currently testing whether NO can be used to stop the growt

Nitric oxide -- Pathophysiology. --- Nitric oxide -- Physiological effect. --- Nitric oxide. --- Oxidative Stress --- Nitric Oxide --- Oxidation-Reduction --- Signal Transduction --- Nitrogen Oxides --- Energy Metabolism --- Physicochemical Processes --- Metabolism --- Stress, Physiological --- Reactive Nitrogen Species --- Free Radicals --- Biochemical Processes --- Cell Physiological Processes --- Nitrogen Compounds --- Chemical Processes --- Inorganic Chemicals --- Cell Physiological Phenomena --- Biochemical Phenomena --- Metabolic Phenomena --- Oxides --- Physicochemical Phenomena --- Physiological Processes --- Oxygen Compounds --- Phenomena and Processes --- Chemical Phenomena --- Physiological Phenomena --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Animal Biochemistry --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Oxidative stress. --- Physiology, Pathological. --- Nitric oxide --- Physiological effect. --- Endothelial relaxing factor --- Endothelium-derived relaxing factors --- Nitrogen oxide --- Clinical physiology --- Pathological physiology --- Pathophysiology --- Physiopathology --- Neurotransmitters --- Nitrogen compounds --- Pathology --- Physiology --- Oxidation-reduction reaction --- Stress (Physiology)