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Using an extensive survey that addresses risk factors faced by the population in the shantytowns (favelas) of Fortaleza, Brazil, the aim of this paper is to study risk-taking behavior by youth, focusing on drug use and teenage pregnancy. The paper analyzes the impact of factors such as exposure to mass media, the existence of support networks, self-esteem, and the occurrence of violence at home and in the neighborhood, on the probability of risk-taking behavior. A bivariate probit model is estimated. The findings indicate that reliance on support networks and exposure to mass media are associated with a lower probability of either type of risk behavior. Living in a violent home increases drug consumption. Race does not have a significant impact on either type of behavior.

Adolescent Health --- Drug Use --- Health Monitoring and Evaluation --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Population Policies --- Reproductive health --- Risk behavior --- Risk factors --- Self-esteem --- Sexual behavior --- Social Development --- Teenage Pregnancy --- Violence --- Youth

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• Reference Manager
• EndNote
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Using an extensive survey that addresses risk factors faced by the population in the shantytowns (favelas) of Fortaleza, Brazil, the aim of this paper is to study risk-taking behavior by youth, focusing on drug use and teenage pregnancy. The paper analyzes the impact of factors such as exposure to mass media, the existence of support networks, self-esteem, and the occurrence of violence at home and in the neighborhood, on the probability of risk-taking behavior. A bivariate probit model is estimated. The findings indicate that reliance on support networks and exposure to mass media are associated with a lower probability of either type of risk behavior. Living in a violent home increases drug consumption. Race does not have a significant impact on either type of behavior.

Adolescent Health --- Drug Use --- Health Monitoring and Evaluation --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Population Policies --- Reproductive health --- Risk behavior --- Risk factors --- Self-esteem --- Sexual behavior --- Social Development --- Teenage Pregnancy --- Violence --- Youth

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This paper studies nonmarket institutions that facilitate exports. In Malawi, as in many other developing countries, farmers face numerous constraints that disconnect them from export markets. The paper explores the role of a local institution, the burley tobacco clubs, in bridging smallholders to exports. Burley clubs potentially enable farmers to increase their tobacco farming productivity by providing services related to institutional access, collective action, economies of scale, and supporting network. Using matching methods and instrumental variable techniques, the authors find that tobacco club membership causes an increase of between 40-74 percent in output per acre and an increase of between 45-89 percent in tobacco sales per acre. Instead, neither the land share allocated to tobacco nor the unit value obtained by the producers is affected by club membership.

Adolescent Health --- Agricultural Industry --- Agriculture --- Alcohol and Substance Abuse --- Crops and Crop Management Systems --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Industry --- Rural Development --- Tobacco --- Tobacco Control --- Tobacco farmers --- Tobacco farming --- Tobacco growers --- Tobacco prices --- Tobacco production --- Tobacco sales --- Tobacco sector --- Tobacco Use and Control --- Trade barriers

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Tobacco use, which is rising quickly in developing countries, kills 5.4 million people a year worldwide. This paper explores the impacts of mobile phone ownership on tobacco consumption. Indeed, mobile phone ownership could affect tobacco consumption because individuals might pay for their communication with money they would have spent on tobacco. Using panel data from 2,100 households in 135 communities of the Philippines collected in 2003 and 2006, the analysis finds that mobile phone ownership leads to a 20 percent decline in monthly tobacco consumption. Among households in which at least one member smoked in 2003, purchasing a mobile phone leads to a 32.6 percent decrease in tobacco consumption per adult over the age of 15. This is equivalent to one less pack of 20 cigarettes per month per adult. The results are robust to various estimation strategies. Further, they suggest that this impact materializes through a budget shift from tobacco to communication.

Adolescent Health --- Alcohol and Substance Abuse --- Cigarettes --- Consumption --- Crime and Society --- E-Business --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Price increases --- Private Sector Development --- Smokers --- Smoking --- Smoking behavior --- Social Development --- Social welfare --- Tobacco --- Tobacco consumption --- Tobacco taxes --- Tobacco use --- Tobacco Use and Control

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• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This paper studies nonmarket institutions that facilitate exports. In Malawi, as in many other developing countries, farmers face numerous constraints that disconnect them from export markets. The paper explores the role of a local institution, the burley tobacco clubs, in bridging smallholders to exports. Burley clubs potentially enable farmers to increase their tobacco farming productivity by providing services related to institutional access, collective action, economies of scale, and supporting network. Using matching methods and instrumental variable techniques, the authors find that tobacco club membership causes an increase of between 40-74 percent in output per acre and an increase of between 45-89 percent in tobacco sales per acre. Instead, neither the land share allocated to tobacco nor the unit value obtained by the producers is affected by club membership.

Adolescent Health --- Agricultural Industry --- Agriculture --- Alcohol and Substance Abuse --- Crops and Crop Management Systems --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Industry --- Rural Development --- Tobacco --- Tobacco Control --- Tobacco farmers --- Tobacco farming --- Tobacco growers --- Tobacco prices --- Tobacco production --- Tobacco sales --- Tobacco sector --- Tobacco Use and Control --- Trade barriers