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Street children --- Streets --- Children --- Enfants de la rue --- Rues --- Enfants --- Social aspects. --- Social conditions --- Aspect social --- Conditions sociales

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This paper presents unique evidence that orphanhood matters in the long run for health and education outcomes, in a region of Northwestern Tanzania. The paper studies a sample of 718 non-orphaned children surveyed in 1991-94, who were traced and re-interviewed as adults in 2004. A large proportion, 19 percent, lost one or more parents before the age of 15 in this period, allowing the authors to assess the permanent health and education impacts of orphanhood. The analysis controls for a wide range of child and adult characteristics before orphanhood, as well as community fixed effects. The findings show that maternal orphanhood has a permanent adverse impact of 2 cm of final height attainment and one year of educational attainment. Expressing welfare in terms of consumption expenditure, the result is a gap of 8.5 percent compared with similar children whose mother survived till at least their 15th birthday.

Aged --- Education --- Extended families --- Health effects --- Health Monitoring and Evaluation --- Health outcomes --- Health services --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Mortality --- Population Policies --- Primary Education --- Social Research --- Street Children --- Urban Development --- Vaccination --- Workers --- Young adults --- Youth and Government

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This paper presents unique evidence that orphanhood matters in the long run for health and education outcomes, in a region of Northwestern Tanzania. The paper studies a sample of 718 non-orphaned children surveyed in 1991-94, who were traced and re-interviewed as adults in 2004. A large proportion, 19 percent, lost one or more parents before the age of 15 in this period, allowing the authors to assess the permanent health and education impacts of orphanhood. The analysis controls for a wide range of child and adult characteristics before orphanhood, as well as community fixed effects. The findings show that maternal orphanhood has a permanent adverse impact of 2 cm of final height attainment and one year of educational attainment. Expressing welfare in terms of consumption expenditure, the result is a gap of 8.5 percent compared with similar children whose mother survived till at least their 15th birthday.

Aged --- Education --- Extended families --- Health effects --- Health Monitoring and Evaluation --- Health outcomes --- Health services --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Mortality --- Population Policies --- Primary Education --- Social Research --- Street Children --- Urban Development --- Vaccination --- Workers --- Young adults --- Youth and Government

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Adult mortality due to HIV/AIDS and other diseases is posited to affect children through a number of pathways. On top of health and education outcomes, adult mortality can have significant effects on children by influencing demographic outcomes including the timing of marriage. The authors examine marriage outcomes for a sample of children interviewed in Tanzania in the early 1990s and re-interviewed in 2004. They find that while girls who became paternal orphans married at significantly younger ages, orphanhood had little effect on boys. On the other hand, non-parental deaths in the household affect the timing of marriage for boys.

Adolescent Health --- Adult Mortality --- Demographics --- Diseases --- Epidemic --- Family Members --- Fertility --- Focus Group Discussions --- Gender --- Gender and Health --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- HIV --- Human Capital --- Illness --- Impact On Fertility --- Life Expectancy --- Marriage --- Orphans --- Policy --- Policy Research --- Policy Research Working Paper --- Population and Development --- Population Policies --- Poverty --- Progress --- Street Children --- Urban Development --- Young Adults --- Young Women --- Youth and Government

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The aim of this study is two-fold. First, based on summary data at the country-level for an unusually large set of developing countries originally obtained from household sample surveys conducted between 1993 and 2003, the authors construct a detailed profile of child economic activity and child labor, attempting, wherever the data permit, to identify similarities and differences across regions and between genders. Second, they link the country-level data on child economic activity and child labor to country-level indicators of the state of economic and social development in the same time period in order to (1) ascertain if cross-country correlations previously identified in the literature are found in the data, and (2) illumine other possible correlations that may exist. As part of this exercise, the authors examine one important relationship that has thus far not been directly investigated in the literature, namely, the cross-country correlation between child labor, agriculture, and poverty.

Account --- Age --- Boys --- Child Labor --- Child Labour --- Child Labour Force --- Child Workers --- Children --- Children and Youth --- Distribution of Children --- Gender --- Gender and Law --- Information --- Law and Development --- Living Standards --- Participation --- Prostitution --- Research --- School Attendance --- Slavery --- Social Protection --- Street Children --- Urban Development --- Working Children --- Young People --- Youth --- Youth and Government