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Ecotoxiclogical risk from multiple stressors covers any situation where org- isms are exposed to a combination of environmental stressors. These include physical and chemical pollutants as well as other stressors such as parasites and environmental impact (e. g. , climate change or habitat loss). The combi- tion of stressors can result in increased risk to organisms (either additive or synergistic effects) or decreased effects (protective or antagonistic effects). The multiple stressor challenge is an international, multi-disciplinary problem requiring an international, multi-disciplinary approach. The c- rent approach to multiple stressors is to examine one stressor at a time and assume additivity. Little work has been done on combinations of stressors such that potential interactions can be determined. The problem is very complex. Multiple stressors pose a whole spectrum of challenges that range from basic science to regulation, policy and gove- ance. The challenges raise fundamental questions about our understanding of the basic biological response to stressors, as well as the implications of those uncertainties in environmental risk assessment and management. In addition to the great breadth, there is also great depth in the research ch- lenges, largely due to the complexity of the issues. From a basic science point of view, many of the mechanisms and processes under investigation are at the cutting edge of science — involving new paradigms such as genomic ins- bility and bystander effects.

Environmental toxicology --- Congresses --- Ecological risk assessment -- Methodology -- Congresses. --- Environmental Exposure -- adverse effects. --- Environmental Pollutants -- toxicity. --- Environmental toxicology -- Congresses. --- Environmental toxicology. --- Toxicology -- Environmental aspects. --- Ecotoxicology --- Risk Assessment --- Environmental Exposure --- Environmental Pollutants --- Epidemiologic Measurements --- Risk --- Ecology --- Toxicology --- Toxic Actions --- Risk Management --- Environmental Pollution --- Public Health --- Organization and Administration --- Probability --- Pharmacology --- Chemical Actions and Uses --- Earth Sciences --- Biology --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Health Occupations --- Statistics as Topic --- Environment and Public Health --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Health Services Administration --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Epidemiologic Methods --- Health Care --- Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms --- Quality of Health Care --- Investigative Techniques --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Environmental Sciences --- Toxicology & Public Health --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Ecological risk assessment --- Methodology --- Assessment, Ecological risk --- Ecological risk analysis --- Ecological risk estimation --- Earth sciences. --- Pharmacology. --- Environmental sciences. --- Radiation protection. --- Radiation --- Environmental law. --- Environmental policy. --- Ecotoxicology. --- Environmental economics. --- Earth Sciences. --- Environmental Science and Engineering. --- Environmental Law/Policy/Ecojustice. --- Effects of Radiation/Radiation Protection. --- Pharmacology/Toxicology. --- Environmental Economics. --- Safety measures. --- Applied ecology --- Environmental impact analysis --- Risk assessment --- Environmental protection. --- Toxicology. --- Pollutants --- Pollution --- Environmental health --- Environment law --- Environmental control --- Environmental protection --- Environmental quality --- Environmental policy --- Law --- Sustainable development --- Environmental quality management --- Protection of environment --- Environmental sciences --- Environmental engineering --- Economics --- Chemicals --- Medicine --- Poisoning --- Poisons --- Law and legislation --- Environmental aspects --- Economic aspects --- Radiation—Safety measures. --- Drug effects --- Medical pharmacology --- Medical sciences --- Chemotherapy --- Drugs --- Pharmacy --- Radiation monitoring --- Radiation protection --- Environment and state --- Environmental management --- State and environment --- Environmental auditing --- Environmental science --- Science --- Physiological effect --- Government policy --- Chemical pollutants --- Contaminants, Environmental --- Environmental contaminants --- Environmental pollutants