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st The solar desalination workshop for the 21 century was sponsored by NATO program Security Through Science. In a great number of countries water scarcity, coupled with a significant growth in population especially in developing countries, poses the serious problem of supplying fresh water. The countries affected by water scarcity are found in the African, Asian, European and American continents, and also are on the southern and eastern coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. Severe drought usually generates a general malaise in populations which are already affected by a number of social and poverty problems, which often lead to significant and uncontrolled emigration towards richer countries, especially if one takes into account the increasing economic and lifestyle gap between north and south Mediterranean countries. Emigration could be contained if basic life needs were guaranteed to the population in their homelands, particularly potable water supply. Abundant solar energy combined with desalination could provide a sustainable source of potable water, but unfortunately, the optimum configuration for solar desalination that would provide inexpensive fresh water is difficult to reach. Further exhaustive research, field developments, and proper mobilization and coordination of funding, research and development is needed to achieve this goal.

Saline water conversion --- Solar stills --- Distillation process --- Design and construction --- Saline water conversion. --- Solar stills. --- Civil Engineering --- Environmental Engineering --- Civil & Environmental Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Distillation process. --- Design and construction. --- Solar distillation --- Distillation process (Saline water conversion) --- Engineering. --- Renewable energy resources. --- Energy policy. --- Energy and state. --- Engineering economics. --- Engineering economy. --- Renewable energy sources. --- Alternate energy sources. --- Green energy industries. --- Water pollution. --- Engineering Economics, Organization, Logistics, Marketing. --- Renewable and Green Energy. --- Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution. --- Energy Policy, Economics and Management. --- Distillation apparatus --- Solar heating --- Environmental pollution. --- Chemical pollution --- Chemicals --- Contamination of environment --- Environmental pollution --- Pollution --- Contamination (Technology) --- Asbestos abatement --- Bioremediation --- Environmental engineering --- Environmental quality --- Factory and trade waste --- Hazardous waste site remediation --- Hazardous wastes --- In situ remediation --- Lead abatement --- Pollutants --- Refuse and refuse disposal --- Alternate energy sources --- Alternative energy sources --- Energy sources, Renewable --- Sustainable energy sources --- Power resources --- Renewable natural resources --- Agriculture and energy --- Economy, Engineering --- Engineering economics --- Industrial engineering --- Environmental aspects --- Energy and state --- State and energy --- Industrial policy --- Energy conservation --- Aquatic pollution --- Fresh water --- Fresh water pollution --- Freshwater pollution --- Inland water pollution --- Lake pollution --- Lakes --- Reservoirs --- River pollution --- Rivers --- Stream pollution --- Water contamination --- Water pollutants --- Water pollution --- Waste disposal in rivers, lakes, etc. --- Government policy