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Glycobiology involves studies of complex carbohydrates and post-transitional modifications of proteins, and has become an important interdiscipnary field encompassing chemistry, biochemistry, biology, physiology, and pathology. Although initial research was directed toward elucidation of the different carbohydrate structures and the enzymes synthesizing them, the field has now moved toward identifying the functions of carbohydrates. The pro- cols described in Glycobiology Protocols form a solid basis for investigations of glycan functions in health and disease. The cloning of many of the genes participating in glycosylation processes has helped to enhance our knowledge of how glycosylation is controlled, but has also added another dimension of complexity to the great heterogeneous variety of the structures of the oligos- charides of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycolipids. A family of similar enzyme proteins exists for each glycosylation step. Glycosyltransferases are extremely specific for both the nucleotide sugar donor and the acceptor s- strate, but many other factors control sugar transfer, including the localization and topology of enzymes, cofactors, possible chaperone proteins, and the availability of sugar acceptor substrates. The analysis of the intracellular organization of glycosylation and of the factors controlling the activities of the participating enzymes in the cell are important areas that need more research efforts. Another challenge for future research is to understand the glycodynamics of a cell, that is, how the cell responds to stimuli leading to biological and pathological changes in terms of alterations in glycosylation, and how this affects the biology of the cell.

Biochemistry. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Composition

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Pyrosequencing® Protocols presents detailed protocols for the multidisciplinary application of Pyrosequencing® technology, all written by world-renowned experts in the field. This comprehensive volume enables quick reference by collecting the primary applications for Pyrosequencing®, and supplementing each protocol with troubleshooting tips specific to that method. Chapters 1 and 2 present an introductory overview of the origins of the Pyrosequencing® methodology and its key applications. Chapters 3 and 4 describe primer selection and the basic Pyrosequencing® technique, and Chapters 5-7 provide methods for improving throughput and decreasing cost. Detailed applications for Pyrosequencing® comprise Chapters 8-13, and the important aspects of data storage is discussed in Chapter 14. This comprehensive volume both highlights the versatility of and provides detailed protocols for the application of Pyrosequencing®.

Biochemistry. --- Human genetics. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Human Genetics. --- Genetics --- Heredity, Human --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Composition

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Molecular motor proteins comprise three protein superfamilies: kinesins, dyneins and myosins. Together, these proteins produce force for movement in an incredibly wide variety of cellular processes including vesicular transport, cell division, nuclear migration, muscle contraction, mechanochemical transduction, among others. In addition, molecular motors are expressed in both simple eukaryotes and in a tissue specific manner in higher cells. This methods volume explores the extreme functional and structural diversity of molecular motors and presents methods relevant to each motor family. In addition, it describes techniques directed at motors that fall outside of the 3 characterized families (i.e. dynamin and F1ATPase). This volume of the Methods in Molecular Biology series is an essential reference for cell biologists examining the function of motor proteins in a range of model organisms using both in vitro and in vivo techniques. This volume is a valuable source for biochemists and molecular biologists as well.

Biochemistry. --- Cell physiology. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Protein Science. --- Cell Physiology. --- Cell function --- Cytology --- Physiology --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Composition

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Contents E.I. Christensen and R. Nielsen: Role of Megalin and Cubilin in Renal Physiology and Pathophysiology G. Zifarelli and M. Pusch: CLC Chloride Channels and Transporters: A Biophysical and Physiological Perspective S.F.J. van de Graaf, R.J.M. Bindels and J.G.J. Hoenderop: Physiology of Epithelial Ca2 and Mg2+ Transport.

Biochemistry. --- Pharmacology. --- Physiology. --- Animal physiology --- Animals --- Biology --- Anatomy --- Drug effects --- Medical pharmacology --- Medical sciences --- Chemicals --- Chemotherapy --- Drugs --- Pharmacy --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Chemistry --- Physiology --- Physiological effect --- Composition

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This is the second edition of our little red book Lectins published in 1989. In the intervening years well over 10,000 articles have appeared with lectins as the main subject, and more than twice as many in which they were touched upon, as well as around 20 books. In particular, great strides have been made in several areas of lectin research, about which little was known until the late 1980s. One prominent example is animal lectins, many of which have been discovered only during the last decade and the functions of several of which have been clarified, especially as to their key role in innate immunity. Another is the structure of lectins and of their combining sites. Thus, whereas at that time the three-dimensional structures of just three lectins and a few of their complexes with sugars had been elucidated, their numbers have increased to about 160 and over 200, respectively, and continue to grow unabated. Updating the information on these and other topics resulted in a marked expansion of the book, which is now nearly four times as long as the first edition, with 226 figures and 39 tables. Still, a few topics, such as carbohydrate-binding cytokines or bacterial toxins that are sometimes considered as lectins, have been dealt with only in passing. Similarly to the first edition, Lectins II starts with an overview of the history of lectin research.

Lectins. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Lectins --- Protectins --- Receptor-specific proteins --- Life sciences. --- Medical microbiology. --- Biochemistry. --- Life Sciences. --- Medical Microbiology. --- Hemagglutinin --- Immunoglobulins --- Microbiology. --- Microbial biology --- Biology --- Microorganisms --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Composition