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Anarchism --- Political ethics --- Ethics, Political --- Ethics in government --- Government ethics --- Political science --- Politics, Practical --- Anarchism and anarchists --- Anarchy --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Political philosophy. Social philosophy --- Professional ethics. Deontology --- Ethics --- Civics --- Government, Resistance to --- Libertarianism --- Nihilism --- Socialism

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Autocratic regimes are quite often short-lived kleptocracies formed and maintained through force and used to appropriate wealth from subjects. Some of these autocracies collapse after only a year or two of plundering while others manage to survive for 15 or 20 years. This paper asks why some autocratic regimes survive while others fail. A database of political regimes from 1960 to 2003 is introduced and accompanies the paper in an appendix. A model of political survival suggests that autocrats exchange constraints on their executive power for their continued survival. The relationship between payouts from successful rebellion and ease of rebellion determines how willing kleptocrats are to extend the political franchise and protect their power. Results show that extremely oppressive regimes and great expenditures on security are likely to accompany the most difficult environments for defense of the state. The model is used to identify the costs of pervasive political conflict and to decompose the "civil peace dividend" enjoyed by inclusive democracies that do not suffer from the malady of kleptocratic rule. Finally, the model suggests that slow democratization pushed by the autocratic elites to guarantee their survival, accompanied by stable development, may be the best path toward a democratic future for many fragile states.

Anarchy --- Autocracy --- Collective Action --- Conflict and Development --- Democracies --- Democracy --- Dictatorship --- Disarmament --- Dissidents --- Emerging Markets --- Extremism --- Governance --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Parliamentary Government --- Peace --- Policies --- Political Authority --- Political Economy --- Political Institutions --- Political Power --- Political Science --- Political Systems --- Political Systems and Analysis --- Political Transitions --- Politics --- Politics and Government --- Population Policies --- Post Conflict Reconstruction --- Private Sector Development --- Rights

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Autocratic regimes are quite often short-lived kleptocracies formed and maintained through force and used to appropriate wealth from subjects. Some of these autocracies collapse after only a year or two of plundering while others manage to survive for 15 or 20 years. This paper asks why some autocratic regimes survive while others fail. A database of political regimes from 1960 to 2003 is introduced and accompanies the paper in an appendix. A model of political survival suggests that autocrats exchange constraints on their executive power for their continued survival. The relationship between payouts from successful rebellion and ease of rebellion determines how willing kleptocrats are to extend the political franchise and protect their power. Results show that extremely oppressive regimes and great expenditures on security are likely to accompany the most difficult environments for defense of the state. The model is used to identify the costs of pervasive political conflict and to decompose the "civil peace dividend" enjoyed by inclusive democracies that do not suffer from the malady of kleptocratic rule. Finally, the model suggests that slow democratization pushed by the autocratic elites to guarantee their survival, accompanied by stable development, may be the best path toward a democratic future for many fragile states.

Anarchy --- Autocracy --- Collective Action --- Conflict and Development --- Democracies --- Democracy --- Dictatorship --- Disarmament --- Dissidents --- Emerging Markets --- Extremism --- Governance --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Parliamentary Government --- Peace --- Policies --- Political Authority --- Political Economy --- Political Institutions --- Political Power --- Political Science --- Political Systems --- Political Systems and Analysis --- Political Transitions --- Politics --- Politics and Government --- Population Policies --- Post Conflict Reconstruction --- Private Sector Development --- Rights

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In October 1842, the young Russian émigré Mikhail Bakunin published “Reaction In Germany” in Arnold Ruge’s German Annals. This brilliant and brash contribution to the debates of the Hegelian Left uses Hegel’s Logic as a logic of conflict which excludes all forms of external mediation between the opposing parties of Reaction and Revolution. Several months later, the article “Communism” marked Bakunin’s complete break with the philosophy. Written as last-ditch philosophical attempts to formulate a departure from the philosophy which now came across as an abandonment of theory for practice, his two letters to Arnold Ruge in 1843 explained what distanced Bakunin from German philosophy, including the Hegelian Left of which he had recently been a member. These texts are published in their entirety for the first time and in a translation which justifies their inclusion in the Young Hegelian tradition. With their accompanying commentary, they shed new light on the Young Hegelian School. Additionally, they offer a radical vision of conflictuality and the philosophical basis for a revolutionary stance. Finally, they provide a valuable record of the early intellectual and political journey of a revolutionary who was to shape his century.

Political science--Philosophy --- Anarchism --- Influence (Literary, artistic, etc.) --- Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich, --- Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, --- Influence. --- Artistic impact --- Artistic influence --- Impact (Literary, artistic, etc.) --- Literary impact --- Literary influence --- Literary tradition --- Tradition (Literature) --- Art --- Influence (Psychology) --- Literature --- Intermediality --- Intertextuality --- Originality in literature --- Anarchism and anarchists --- Anarchy --- Government, Resistance to --- Libertarianism --- Nihilism --- Socialism --- Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich --- Hēgeru, --- Hei-ko-erh, --- Gegelʹ, Georg, --- Hījil, --- Khegel, --- Hegel, G. W. F. --- Hegel, --- Hei Ge Er, --- Chenkel, --- Hīghil, --- הגל, --- הגל, גאורג וילהלם פרידריך, --- הגל, גיאורג וילהלם פרידריך, --- הגל, ג.ו.פ, --- היגל, גורג ווילהלם פרדריך, --- היגל, גיורג וילהלם פרידריך, --- 黑格尔, --- Hegel, Guillermo Federico, --- Hegel, Jorge Guillermo Federico, --- Heyel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, --- Higil, Gʼūrg Vīlhim Frīdrīsh, --- ‏هگل, --- ‏هگل، گئورگ ويلهم فريدريش, --- Bacunin, --- Bacunin, Michal, --- Bakoenin, Michael, --- Bakounine, Michael, --- Bakounine, Michel, --- Bakounine, Michele, --- Bakunin, --- Bakunin, M. --- Bakunin, Michael, --- Bakunin, Michail, --- Bakunin, Miguel, --- Bakunin, Mikhail, --- Bakunyin, Mihail, --- Pa-kʻu-ning, --- Бакунин, Михаил Александрович, --- באקונין, מ., --- באקונין, מיכאאל, --- באקונין, מיכאאיל, --- בקונין, מיכאיל אלכסנדרוביץ, --- école jeune hégélienne