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Social costs. Social benefits --- #SBIB:35H411 --- #SBIB:303H15 --- cost accounting --- financiële analyse --- Beleidscyclus: voorbereiding (inclusief planning) --- Methoden en technieken van de bestuurswetenschappen --- Cost effectiveness --- Costs, Industrial --- Expenditures, Public --- Appropriations and expenditures --- Government appropriations --- Government expenditures --- Government spending --- Public expenditures --- Public spending --- Spending, Government --- Costs of production --- Industrial costs --- Industries --- Production costs --- Benefit cost analysis --- Capital output ratios --- Cost benefit analysis --- Costs --- Finance, Public --- Public administration --- Government spending policy --- Cost --- Engineering economy --- Value analysis (Cost control)

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Women are disadvantaged relative to men, according to key economic, social, and political measures of equality, but in many areas, such as education, differences are narrowing. The concept of externalities underlies the arguments for including gender considerations in budget programs and policies. Other arguments have a weaker economic basis but may be more socially or politically compelling. The experience to date with "gender budgeting," which entails looking at gender issues comprehensively within the budget, has been mixed. To become more useful, gender budgeting should be integrated into budget processes in a way that generates tangible improvements in policy outcomes. The International Monetary Fund should encourage fiscal authorities to take into account the external benefits of reducing gender inequalities and to remove from fiscal legislation any arbitrary discrimination against women.

Electronic books. -- local. --- Equality. --- Expenditures, Public. --- Sex discrimination. --- Discrimination, Sexual --- Gender discrimination --- Sexual discrimination --- Appropriations and expenditures --- Government appropriations --- Government expenditures --- Government spending --- Public expenditures --- Public spending --- Spending, Government --- Egalitarianism --- Inequality --- Social equality --- Social inequality --- Discrimination --- Sexism --- Gender mainstreaming --- Finance, Public --- Public administration --- Government spending policy --- Political science --- Sociology --- Democracy --- Liberty --- Budgeting --- Women''s Studies' --- Gender Studies --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- National Budget --- Budget Systems --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Gender studies --- women & girls --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Budgeting & financial management --- Women --- Gender budgeting --- Gender inequality --- Budget planning and preparation --- Gender --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Sex role --- Sex discrimination --- Budget --- India --- Women & girls --- Women's Studies

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This paper continues the study of optimal fiscal policy in a growing economy by exploring a case in which the government simultaneously provides three main categories of expenditures with distortionary tax finance: public production services, public consumption services, and state-contingent redistributive transfers. The paper shows that in a general equilibrium model with given exogenous fiscal policy, a nonlinear relation exists between the suboptimal longrun growth rate in a competitive economy and distortionary tax rates. When fiscal policy is endogenously chosen at a social optimum, the relation between the rate of growth and tax rates is always negative. These two conclusions suggest that the interaction between fiscal policy and growth may be complicated enough that it cannot be captured in a simple linear model using an aggregate measure of fiscal policy. The sources of nonlinearity include expectation and coordination of fiscal policy, impluse response of government policies, and the presence of positive externality due to government spending.

Electronic books. -- local. --- Expenditures, Public -- Econometric models. --- Fiscal policy -- Econometric models. --- Taxation -- Econometric models. --- Political Science --- Law, Politics & Government --- Public Finance --- Expenditures, Public --- Fiscal policy --- Taxation --- Econometric models. --- Tax policy --- Appropriations and expenditures --- Government appropriations --- Government expenditures --- Government spending --- Public expenditures --- Public spending --- Spending, Government --- Government policy --- Economic policy --- Finance, Public --- Public administration --- Government spending policy --- Macroeconomics --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Fiscal Policy --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Expenditure --- Revenue administration --- Income --- Income inequality --- Revenue --- Income distribution --- Denmark

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This paper analyzes the empirical relationship between fiscal policy and the trade account. Research prior to this paper did not consider that the components of private and public demand in the import demand equation exhibit different elasticities. Using pooled mean group estimation for annual panel data of the G-7 countries for the years 1970 through 2002, we provide empirical evidence that the composition of overall demand-i.e., the distribution among public demand, private demand, and export demand-has an impact on the magnitude of the trade account deficit.

Balance of trade -- Econometric models. --- Demand (Economic theory) -- Econometric models. --- Electronic books. -- local. --- Expenditures, Public -- Econometric models. --- Fiscal policy -- Econometric models. --- Imports -- Econometric models. --- Commerce --- Business & Economics --- Commerce - General --- Balance of trade --- Demand (Economic theory) --- Expenditures, Public --- Fiscal policy --- Imports --- Econometric models. --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Appropriations and expenditures --- Government appropriations --- Government expenditures --- Government spending --- Public expenditures --- Public spending --- Spending, Government --- Deficits, Trade --- Trade, Balance of --- Trade balance --- Trade deficits --- Trade surpluses --- Surpluses, Trade --- Government policy --- International trade --- Economic policy --- Finance, Public --- Public administration --- Government spending policy --- Supply and demand --- Production (Economic theory) --- Balance of payments --- Mercantile system --- Payment --- Exports and Imports --- Investments: General --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Trade: General --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Investment --- Capital --- Intangible Capital --- Capacity --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Expenditure --- Private consumption --- Private investment --- Exports --- Consumption --- Economics --- Saving and investment --- Japan