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Constitutional law --- Constitutional law. --- Constitutional law - Cases.
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Under the Constitution of the United States, the President nominates and, subject to confirmation by the Senate, appoints justices to the Supreme Court and judges to nine other court systems. Altogether, during the 103rd-106th Congresses, President Bill Clinton transmitted to the Senate: ! two Supreme Court nominations, both of which were confirmed during the 103rd Congress; ! 106 nominations to the U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeals, of which 65 were confirmed; ! 382 nominations to the U.S. District Courts (including the territorial district courts), of which 307 were confirmed; ! six nominations to the U.S. Court of International Trade, five of which were confirmed; ! the names of seven nominees to the U.S. Court of Federal Claims, all of whom received Senate confirmation; ! the names of nine nominees to the U.S. Tax Court, all of whom were confirmed; ! one nomination to the U.S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, which was confirmed during the 105th Congress; ! the names of 24 nominees to the Superior Court of the District of Columbia, 22 of whom were confirmed; ! five nominations to the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, four of which were confirmed; ! and two nominations to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, both of which were confirmed. Most nominations that failed to be confirmed were returned to the President after the Senate adjourned or recessed for more than 30 days. Most, though not all, of the persons whose nominations were returned at the end of the 103rd, 104th, and 105th Congresses were later renominated and ultimately confirmed. One Clinton judicial nomination was rejected by Senate vote. President Clinton also withdrew 11 judicial nominations (three to U.S. circuit court judgeships, eight to U.S. district judgeships), which either encountered difficulties at the committee stage or faced the likelihood of substantial opposition on the Senate floor. During the Clinton presidency, there were 59 roll call votes involving judicial nominations. Also, at the start of the 107th Congress, with less than three weeks remaining in his presidency, President Clinton submitted ten judicial nominations-nine to the Circuit Courts of Appeals and one to the Court of Federal Claims. Shortly after President Clinton left office, his successor, George W. Bush, withdrew all ten nominations but then renominated one of the nine circuit court nominees, who subsequently, in July 2001, received Senate confirmation.
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For more than half a century, Walter Berns has been a leading authority on the Constitution. This volume collects many of his most important essays on timeless constitutional and political questions.
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In 2004 and 2005, Afghanistan adopted a permanent constitution and elected a president and a parliament. The parliament is emerging as a significant force in Afghan politics, as shown in debates over a new cabinet and the 2006 budget. See CRS Report RL30588, Afghanistan: Post-War Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy, by Kenneth Katzman.
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