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Subsistence intensification, innovation and change have long figured prominently in explanations for the development of social complexity among foragers and horticulturalists, and the rise of chiefly societies and archaic states, yet there is considerable debate over the actual mechanisms that promote these processes. Traditional approaches to the "intensification question" emphasize population pressure, climate change, bureaucratic management, or even land degradation as prerequisites for the onset of new or changing strategies, or the construction and maintenance of agricultural landscapes. Most often these factors are modeled as external forces outside the realm of human decision-making, but recent archaeological research presents an alternative to this suggesting that subsistence intensification is the result of human driven strategies for power, prestige and status stemming from internal conditions within a group. When responding to environmental adversity, human groups were less frequently the victims, as they have been repeatedly portrayed. Instead human groups were often vigorous actors, responding with resilience, ingenuity, and planning, to flourish or survive within dynamic and sometimes unpredictable social and natural milieux.

Agricultural intensification --- Agriculture, Prehistoric. --- Agriculture, Ancient. --- Indians --- History. --- Agriculture. --- Ancient agriculture --- Prehistoric agriculture --- Prehistoric peoples --- Intensification of agriculture --- Agriculture --- Food --- Anthropology. --- Archaeology. --- Ecology. --- Community & Population Ecology. --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Archeology --- Anthropology --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- History --- Antiquities --- Human beings --- Ecology --- Community ecology, Biotic. --- Biocenoses --- Biocoenoses --- Biogeoecology --- Biological communities --- Biomes --- Biotic community ecology --- Communities, Biotic --- Community ecology, Biotic --- Ecological communities --- Ecosystems --- Natural communities --- Primitive societies --- Social sciences

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Ringtailed Lemur Biology is the first comprehensive volume dedicated to the Lemur catta, Madagascar's flagship species, whose black and white tails adorn tourist brochures and children's schoolbooks, and which has been studied in the wild for forty years. Written by leading research scientists in the field, this is the authoritative volume on ringtailed lemur distribution, ecology, social behavior, and health and includes the first maps of their distribution, population, and decline. The editors, and contributors, have united to produce a book of cutting edge knowledge on the lemur species whose troop structure is most like the monkeys of other continents but which proves, like so much else in Madagascar, to be unique.

Ring-tailed lemur. --- Biology. --- Life sciences --- Biomass --- Life (Biology) --- Natural history --- Lemur catta --- Madagascar cat --- Lemur (Genus) --- Zoology. --- Animal ecology. --- Animal behavior. --- Ecology. --- Vertebrates. --- Animal Ecology. --- Behavioral Sciences. --- Community & Population Ecology. --- Vertebrata --- Chordata --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Animals --- Animals, Habits and behavior of --- Behavior, Animal --- Ethology --- Animal psychology --- Zoology --- Ethologists --- Psychology, Comparative --- Ecology --- Behavior --- Behavioral sciences. --- Community ecology, Biotic. --- Biocenoses --- Biocoenoses --- Biogeoecology --- Biological communities --- Biomes --- Biotic community ecology --- Communities, Biotic --- Community ecology, Biotic --- Ecological communities --- Ecosystems --- Natural communities

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Presenting the current state of the art in scaling and uncertainty in ecology, Wu et al’s Scaling and Uncertainty Analysis in Ecology is the first book of its kind – explicitly considering uncertainty and error analysis as an integral part of scaling. Primarily, the book draws together a series of important case studies to provide a comprehensive review and synthesis of the most recent concepts, theories and methods in scaling and uncertainty analysis. It compares current definitions and ideas concerning scale within a coherent framework, and examines two key scaling approaches: similarity-based scaling, which is rooted in the idea of similitude or self-similarity; and dynamic model-based scaling, which emphasizes processes and mechanisms. With case studies focusing on issues ranging from population to ecosystem processes; from biodiversity to landscape patterns; and from basic research to multidisciplinary management and policy-making, the book will appeal to both researchers and practitioners working on landscape issues. It will also provide a valuable resource for graduate students and professional trainees in ecology, environmental policy, resource management and global change science.

Ecology --- Scaling (Social sciences) --- Uncertainty (Information theory) --- Methodology --- Scale analysis (Social sciences) --- Scales of measurement --- Social sciences --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Ecology. --- Endangered ecosystems. --- Landscape ecology. --- Environmental management. --- Nature Conservation. --- Ecosystems. --- Landscape Ecology. --- Environmental Management. --- Conservation of nature --- Nature --- Nature protection --- Protection of nature --- Conservation of natural resources --- Applied ecology --- Conservation biology --- Endangered ecosystems --- Natural areas --- Environmental stewardship --- Stewardship, Environmental --- Management --- Threatened ecosystems --- Biotic communities --- Nature conservation --- Conservation --- Ecology . --- Nature conservation. --- Biocenoses --- Biocoenoses --- Biogeoecology --- Biological communities --- Biomes --- Biotic community ecology --- Communities, Biotic --- Community ecology, Biotic --- Ecological communities --- Ecosystems --- Natural communities

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The study of ecosystems, fundamental to ecology, has been complemented by the growing field of landscape ecology. Ecosystem Function in Heterogeneous Landscapes addresses how interactions among ecosystems affect the functioning of individual ecosystems and the larger landscape. This groundbreaking synthesis unites ecosystem ecology's knowledge of system function with landscape ecology's knowledge of spatial structure. Practical concerns about scaling up from individual ecosystems to larger landscapes require an understanding of how networks of interacting ecosystems function together. The book elucidates the challenges faced by ecosystem scientists working in spatially heterogeneous systems, relevant conceptual approaches used in other disciplines and in different ecosystem types, and the importance of spatial heterogeneity in conservation resource management. The distinguished authors discuss how how much heterogeneity needs to be taken into account for specific types of scientific and management issues. Their chapters cover the spectrum from proposing novel conceptual approaches to detailing the practical implications of heterogeneous landscapes for fire management, water management and conservation planning.

Biotic communities --- Landscape ecology --- ecosystems --- Landscape --- Aquatic environment --- biotopes --- population dynamics --- population structure --- land use --- Environmental impact --- ecological succession --- environmental factors --- Biodiversity --- Natural resources --- resource management --- Ecology. --- Applied Ecology. --- Biodiversity. --- Endangered ecosystems. --- Landscape ecology. --- Ecosystems. --- Landscape Ecology. --- Terrestial Ecology. --- Ecology --- Threatened ecosystems --- Nature conservation --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Biology --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Environmental protection --- Balance of nature --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Ecology . --- Applied ecology. --- Biocenoses --- Biocoenoses --- Biogeoecology --- Biological communities --- Biomes --- Biotic community ecology --- Communities, Biotic --- Community ecology, Biotic --- Ecological communities --- Ecosystems --- Natural communities

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Geology and Ecosystems examines the relationship between biological communities of the Earth and objects of inorganic nature of the geological environment. Rational and sustainable development of society requires an ever-growing exploitation of natural resources, among which mineral and water resources play a dominant role. During recent decades, we have observed a high rate of human invasion into our geological structure, mainly through extraction of minerals, hydrocarbons, groundwater, etc. These impacts together with day-to-day human activity, cause destruction to the Earth’s surface and near-surface environment and upset the balance of sustainable development. In turn, due to increasing anthropogenic impact, the geological components which serve as the basic substrate and foundations for all ecosystems, are changed from their natural original state and the relationship between the ‘living tissue and inert nature’ (i.e. relationship between the biosphere and the geosphere) is significantly affected. This book includes an analysis of the relationship between the different geological, hydrochemical, hydrogeological and engineering-geological processes and the processes within surface ecosystems. The analysis of specific interactions between the lithosphere and biosphere provides an integrated concept of the role of the geological environment in the evolution of the biosphere. The practical significance of the book is reflected by the analysis of modern engineering activity associated with the mining of minerals, excessive groundwater withdrawal, disposal of industrial and domestic wastes (including radioactive wastes) and their impacts on all components of the environment. Geology and Ecosystems includes a scientific approach to the complex monitoring of the environment under different natural and anthropogenic conditions, including the monitoring of permafrost regions. An important part of the book is the analysis of the "water factor" impact on ecosystems and sustainable development. Influences of intensive groundwater extraction on river flow, vegetation and land subsidence are also considered. This book is intended as a professional update for environmental scientists, analysts, environmental health care professionals, geologists, ecologists, hydrologists, and other professionals with an interest in the Earth's environments and with environmental protection.

Environmental geology. --- Ecogeomorphology. --- Nature --- Effect of human beings on. --- Geoecology --- Environmental protection --- Physical geology --- Ecology --- Geomorphology --- Anthropogenic effects on nature --- Ecological footprint --- Human beings --- Anthropogenic soils --- Human ecology --- Ecology. --- Geology. --- Endangered ecosystems. --- Mineral resources. --- Environmental toxicology. --- Geoecology/Natural Processes. --- Ecosystems. --- Mineral Resources. --- Ecotoxicology. --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Geognosy --- Geoscience --- Earth sciences --- Natural history --- Ecotoxicology --- Pollutants --- Pollution --- Environmental health --- Toxicology --- Deposits, Mineral --- Mineral deposits --- Mineral resources --- Mines and mining --- Mining --- Natural resources --- Geology, Economic --- Minerals --- Threatened ecosystems --- Biotic communities --- Nature conservation --- Geoecology. --- Biocenoses --- Biocoenoses --- Biogeoecology --- Biological communities --- Biomes --- Biotic community ecology --- Communities, Biotic --- Community ecology, Biotic --- Ecological communities --- Ecosystems --- Natural communities