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It is well known that corrosion products, i.e. rust, on iron and steel surfaces cannot be assigned a typical crystallographic structure with long-range order. In fact, the structure of rust is considered to be very complicated, and some forms of rust are assigned to the amorphous state for this reason. Accurate information about the atomic-scale structure of rust is important to shed light on corrosion mechanisms of metallic materials. And, since life of steel structures is often dominated by environmental degradation or corrosion of the surface, the structure of the rust formed on iron and steel surfaces during prolonged exposure to air is of great interest. This book describes the fundamental aspects of materials characterization for the ferric oxyhydroxides formed on steel surfaces. Selected examples, from both the basic science and the applied engineering points of view, are presented. Of special interest is the new structural information on ferric oxyhydroxides containing a small amount of alloying elements. The text relates this to their various states and their role in corrosion processes. This monograph will serve as a valuable guide and source of information for specialists and non-specialists alike.
Steel --- Corrosion and anti-corrosives. --- Corrosion. --- Anti-corrosive paint --- Atmospheric corrosion --- Metal corrosion --- Metals --- Rust --- Rustless coatings --- Chemical inhibitors --- Chemistry, Technical --- Fouling --- Materials --- Weathering --- Paint --- Protective coatings --- Waterproofing --- Corrosion --- Deterioration --- Surfaces --- Materials. --- Metallic Materials. --- Engineering --- Engineering materials --- Industrial materials --- Engineering design --- Manufacturing processes --- Metals. --- Metallic elements --- Chemical elements --- Ores --- Metallurgy
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Advanced Magnetic Nanostructures is devoted to the fabrication, characterization, experimental investigation, theoretical understanding, and utilization of advanced magnetic nanostructures. Focus is on various types of 'bottom-up' and 'top-down' artificial nanostructures, as contrasted to naturally occurring magnetic nanostructures, such as iron-oxide inclusions in magnetic rocks, and to structures such as perfect thin films. Chapter 1 is an introduction into some basic concepts, such as the definitions of basic magnetic quantities. Chapters 2-4 are devoted to the theory of magnetic nanostructures, Chapter 5 deals with the characterization of the structures, and Chapters 6-10 are devoted to specific systems. Applications of advanced magnetic nanostructures are discussed in Chapters11-15 and, finally, the appendix lists and briefly discusses magnetic properties of typical starting materials. Industrial and academic researchers in magnetism and related areas such as nanotechnology, materials science, and theoretical solid-state physics will find this book a valuable resource.
Nanostructured materials --- Nanotechnology. --- Magnetic properties. --- Molecular technology --- Nanoscale technology --- High technology --- Nanomaterials --- Nanometer materials --- Nanophase materials --- Nanostructure controlled materials --- Nanostructure materials --- Ultra-fine microstructure materials --- Microstructure --- Nanotechnology --- Magnetism. --- Materials. --- Electronics. --- Magnetism, Magnetic Materials. --- Metallic Materials. --- Electronics and Microelectronics, Instrumentation. --- Electrical engineering --- Physical sciences --- Engineering --- Engineering materials --- Industrial materials --- Engineering design --- Manufacturing processes --- Mathematical physics --- Physics --- Electricity --- Magnetics --- Materials --- Magnetic materials. --- Metals. --- Microelectronics. --- Microminiature electronic equipment --- Microminiaturization (Electronics) --- Electronics --- Microtechnology --- Semiconductors --- Miniature electronic equipment --- Metallic elements --- Chemical elements --- Ores --- Metallurgy
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From high-capacity, inexpensive hard drives to mag-lev trains, recent achievements in magnetic materials research have made the dreams of a few decades ago reality. The objective of Handbook of Advanced Magnetic Materials is to provide a timely, comprehensive review of recent progress in magnetic materials research. This broad yet detailed reference consists of four volumes: 1.) Nanostructured advanced magnetic materials, 2.) Characterization and simulation of advanced magnetic materials, 3.) Processing of advanced magnetic materials, and 4.) Properties and applications of advanced magnetic materials The first volume documents and explains recent development of nanostructured magnetic materials, emphasizing size effects. The second volume provides a comprehensive review of both experimental methods and simulation techniques for the characterization of magnetic materials. The third volume comprehensively reviews recent developments in the processing and manufacturing of advanced magnetic materials. With the continuous search for new materials and invention of new processing routes, magnetic properties of materials now span a wide spectrum of soft magnetic materials, hard magnetic materials, recording materials, sensor materials and others. The fourth volume provides a comprehensive review of recent development of various newly emerging magnetic materials and their applications, along with a detailed description of the processing, properties and applications. Finally, with an eye to the future, the potential and limitation of the materials is addressed. Emphasis is on the processing, experimental investigation, theoretical understanding, and application of nanostructured magnetic materials. The chapters, authored by worldwide known specialists, provide an introduction into the topics and review the latest advances in magnetic nanostructures and materials. This includes emerging new materials, scientific methods, and experimental techniques. The coverage is very broad and includes nanostructural effects, characterization and simulation, fabrication and processing, and properties and applications of advanced magnetic materials. Each chapter will have an introduction to give a clear definition of basic and important concepts of the topic. The details of the topic are then elucidated theoretically and experimentally. New ideas for further advancement are then discussed. Sufficient references are also included for those who wish to read the original work. Many of the authors are well known senior scientists working in the field of magnetism and magnetic materials. This will be a valuable reference and research tool for graduate students and researchers in physics, materials science and chemistry to achieve an understanding of recent research developments in the field of magnetic materials. .
Magnetic materials. --- Magnets. --- Materials --- Magnetic materials --- Magnetics --- Magnetism --- Solenoids --- Magnetism. --- Electronics. --- Optical materials. --- Nanotechnology. --- Materials. --- Classical Electrodynamics. --- Magnetism, Magnetic Materials. --- Electronics and Microelectronics, Instrumentation. --- Optical and Electronic Materials. --- Metallic Materials. --- Engineering --- Engineering materials --- Industrial materials --- Engineering design --- Manufacturing processes --- Molecular technology --- Nanoscale technology --- High technology --- Optics --- Electrical engineering --- Physical sciences --- Mathematical physics --- Physics --- Electricity --- Optics. --- Electrodynamics. --- Microelectronics. --- Electronic materials. --- Metals. --- Metallic elements --- Chemical elements --- Ores --- Metallurgy --- Electronic materials --- Microminiature electronic equipment --- Microminiaturization (Electronics) --- Electronics --- Microtechnology --- Semiconductors --- Miniature electronic equipment --- Dynamics --- Light
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Crystallographers have an elegant system using definitive notation for describing crystal structures, but it does not serve as well the needs of many others working with crystalline solids. Most chemists, metallurgists, mineralogists, geologists and materials scientists need a simple system and notation for describing crystal structures. Structure and Chemistry of Crystalline Solids presents a widely applicable system with simple notation giving important information about the structure and the chemical environment of ions or molecules. It is easily understood and used by those concerned with applications dependent on structure-properties relationships. Early chapters provide an introduction to crystal structures and symmetry for readers with a variety of backgrounds. Insight into crystal structures, including some complex silicates, is aided by the use of the CrystalMaker computer program. The bundled CD-ROM, which uses CrystalMaker for instruction and demos on both Windows and Macintosh platforms, allows the user to manipulate the structures. Key Features: Understandable by anyone concerned with crystals or solid state properties dependent on structure Presents a general system using simple notation to reveal similarities and differences among crystal structures Depicts more than 300 selected and prepared figures illustrating structures found in thousands of compounds Includes a CD-ROM with CrystalMakerTM data files to allow the reader to view and manipulate the structures on both Windows and Macintosh platforms.
Crystals. --- Crystals --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Materials Science --- Structure --- Crystallography. --- Structure. --- Leptology --- Materials science. --- Inorganic chemistry. --- Geochemistry. --- Metals. --- Materials Science. --- Materials Science, general. --- Inorganic Chemistry. --- Metallic Materials. --- Crystallography --- Powders --- Solids --- Physical sciences --- Mineralogy --- Materials. --- Chemistry, inorganic. --- Chemical composition of the earth --- Chemical geology --- Geological chemistry --- Geology, Chemical --- Chemistry --- Earth sciences --- Inorganic chemistry --- Inorganic compounds --- Engineering --- Engineering materials --- Industrial materials --- Engineering design --- Manufacturing processes --- Materials --- Material science --- Metallic elements --- Chemical elements --- Ores --- Metallurgy
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Metal matrix composites (MMCs) have become real engineering materials. MMCs have gone from "niche" materials to several high performance applications in aerospace, electronic packaging, automotive, and recreational products. This text focuses on the synergistic relationships among processing, microstructure, and properties of metal matrix composites. An introductory chapter is followed by a chapter each on reinforcements and common matrix materials. A chapter on the very important topic of processing of MMC is then presented. This is followed by a chapter on interfaces in MMCs, their characterization and techniques to obtain interfacial properties. Next there are chapters on monotonic mechanical and physical properties; followed by cyclic fatigue, creep, and wear resistance. We conclude with a chapter on applications of MMCs. The book is well-suited for upper level undergraduate students, graduate students, and as general source of reference on the subject for the professionals in the field.
Metallic composites. --- Metal composites --- Metal matrix composites --- Composite materials --- Metals --- Materials. --- Mechanics, applied. --- Engineering design. --- Metallic Materials. --- Ceramics, Glass, Composites, Natural Materials. --- Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. --- Engineering Design. --- Design, Engineering --- Engineering --- Industrial design --- Strains and stresses --- Applied mechanics --- Engineering, Mechanical --- Engineering mathematics --- Engineering materials --- Industrial materials --- Engineering design --- Manufacturing processes --- Design --- Materials --- Metals. --- Ceramics. --- Glass. --- Composites (Materials). --- Composite materials. --- Mechanics. --- Mechanics, Applied. --- Classical mechanics --- Newtonian mechanics --- Physics --- Dynamics --- Quantum theory --- Composites (Materials) --- Multiphase materials --- Reinforced solids --- Solids, Reinforced --- Two phase materials --- Amorphous substances --- Ceramics --- Glazing --- Ceramic technology --- Industrial ceramics --- Keramics --- Building materials --- Chemistry, Technical --- Clay --- Metallic elements --- Chemical elements --- Ores --- Metallurgy
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Planewaves, Pseudopotentials, and the LAPW Method, 2nd Edition, provides a comprehensive description of the LAPW (Linearized Augmented Plane Wave) method and its relationships with other first principles approaches for materials. The book is essential reading for practitioners of the method and for developers of electronic structure methods. This book is an updated and revised version of the previous volume. New material has been added on topics including the APW+LO method, LDA+U method, non-collinear magnetism and spin-orbit treatments. David J. Singh, is presently a distinguished research staff member and group leader for theory in the Condensed Matter Sciences Division of Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Lars Nordström is an associate professor in condensed matter theory in the Physics Department of Uppsala University, Sweden.
Density functionals. --- Pseudopotential method. --- Pseudopotentials --- Potential theory (Physics) --- Density functional methods --- Density functional theory --- Functional methods, Density --- Functionals, Density --- Functional analysis --- Surfaces (Physics). --- Optical materials. --- Materials. --- Characterization and Evaluation of Materials. --- Optical and Electronic Materials. --- Solid State Physics. --- Spectroscopy and Microscopy. --- Metallic Materials. --- Engineering --- Engineering materials --- Industrial materials --- Engineering design --- Manufacturing processes --- Optics --- Materials --- Physics --- Surface chemistry --- Surfaces (Technology) --- Materials science. --- Electronic materials. --- Solid state physics. --- Spectroscopy. --- Microscopy. --- Metals. --- Metallic elements --- Chemical elements --- Ores --- Metallurgy --- Analysis, Microscopic --- Light microscopy --- Micrographic analysis --- Microscope and microscopy --- Microscopic analysis --- Optical microscopy --- Analysis, Spectrum --- Spectra --- Spectrochemical analysis --- Spectrochemistry --- Spectroscopy --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Interferometry --- Radiation --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Absorption spectra --- Light --- Spectroscope --- Solids --- Electronic materials --- Material science --- Physical sciences --- Qualitative --- Spectrometry --- Analytical chemistry
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Recently, it was reported that nanostructured materials processed under high pressure by HPT and ECAP have an extraordinary combination of both high strength and high ductility, which are two desirable, but rarely co-existing properties. These findings indicate that high-pressure is a critical factor that can be employed to process nanostructured materials with superior mechanical, and possibly also physical, properties. It is the objective of this workshop to review our current knowledge, identify issues for future research, and discuss future directions on the processing and properties of nanostructured materials via SPD techniques, with a special emphasis on high-pressure effects. The 42 peer-reviewed papers in this book cover areas of high pressure effect on the nanostructure and properties of SPD-processed materials, fundamentals of nanostructured materials, development of high-pressure SPD technologies for commercializations, recent advances of SPD technologies as well as applications and future markets of SPD-processed nanostructured materials.
Nanostructured materials. --- Plastics --- Deformations (Mechanics). --- Nanomatériaux --- Matières plastiques --- Déformations (Mécanique) --- Nanostructured materials - Congresses. --- Nanostructured materials --- Plastics at high pressures --- Deformations (Mechanics) --- Nanotechnology --- Materials Science --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Plastic deformation --- Nanomatériaux --- Matières plastiques --- Déformations (Mécanique) --- EPUB-LIV-FT LIVCHIMI SPRINGER-B --- Materials science. --- Continuum mechanics. --- Nanotechnology. --- Metals. --- Materials Science. --- Materials Science, general. --- Metallic Materials. --- Continuum Mechanics and Mechanics of Materials. --- High pressure (Technology) --- Materials at high pressures --- Congresses --- Materials. --- Mechanics. --- Mechanics, Applied. --- Solid Mechanics. --- Applied mechanics --- Engineering, Mechanical --- Engineering mathematics --- Classical mechanics --- Newtonian mechanics --- Physics --- Dynamics --- Quantum theory --- Molecular technology --- Nanoscale technology --- High technology --- Engineering --- Engineering materials --- Industrial materials --- Engineering design --- Manufacturing processes --- Materials --- Metallic elements --- Chemical elements --- Ores --- Metallurgy --- Material science --- Physical sciences
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Talks about quantum mechanism that allows the macroscopic quantum coherence of a superconducting condensate to resist to the attacks of high temperature. This book presents the experimental results on nanoscale phase separation and the two component scenario in high Tc in doped cuprate and the lower symmetry in the superconducting elements.
High-temperature superconductivity --- Symmetry (Physics) --- Supraconductivité à hautes températures --- Symétrie (Physique) --- Congresses --- Congresses. --- Congrès --- High temperature superconductivity. --- High temperature superconductivity --- Electricity & Magnetism --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Supraconductivité à hautes températures --- Symétrie (Physique) --- Congrès --- EPUB-LIV-FT LIVCHIMI SPRINGER-B --- Materials science. --- Inorganic chemistry. --- Structural materials. --- Nanotechnology. --- Metals. --- Materials Science. --- Structural Materials. --- Metallic Materials. --- Ceramics, Glass, Composites, Natural Methods. --- Inorganic Chemistry. --- Materials. --- Chemistry, inorganic. --- Ceramics, Glass, Composites, Natural Materials. --- Inorganic chemistry --- Chemistry --- Inorganic compounds --- Molecular technology --- Nanoscale technology --- High technology --- Engineering --- Engineering materials --- Industrial materials --- Engineering design --- Manufacturing processes --- Materials --- Ceramics. --- Glass. --- Composites (Materials). --- Composite materials. --- Composites (Materials) --- Multiphase materials --- Reinforced solids --- Solids, Reinforced --- Two phase materials --- Amorphous substances --- Ceramics --- Glazing --- Ceramic technology --- Industrial ceramics --- Keramics --- Building materials --- Chemistry, Technical --- Clay --- Metallic elements --- Chemical elements --- Ores --- Metallurgy --- Architectural materials --- Architecture --- Building --- Building supplies --- Buildings --- Construction materials --- Structural materials
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Metals have been essential to human civilisation for many thousands of years. With a broad range of applications they have found their way into virtually every aspect of our daily lives. Their durable and recyclable properties should make them ideal materials for a sustainable economy. But can metals live up to this promise? What are the economic, ecological, and social implications of their increasing use? How can we secure the supply of high-quality metals in the future? Do we need substitutes for scarce or especially toxic metals? We will face many such questions on the path towards sustainable production, trade and use of metals. This book brings together experts from many fields, with sometimes controversial opinions, to discuss the conditions and limits of a sustainable metals management. The ideas and goals of sustainability are not only explained theoretically, but also applied to various stages of the metal making and trading process. The unique feature of this book is its focus on the practical issues of sustainability and the eminent role that companies play in this respect. Experts take a look at the history of metals and metals processing, analyse the current flows and trends of their use, and try to predict future developments in production and trade. Others assess the ecological and social effects of their production and use, highlight the need for international and inter-organisational thinking, and lay out more efficient ways of pursuing this. All the contributors of this book are united by a common goal: making metals an economically, ecologically, and socially safe choice for the 21st century. This book is a must-read for anyone interested in the short-term and long-term development of the production, trade and use of metals. It provides a wealth of information on the market, the ecological repercussions of the industry, and the social implications of the production and trade of metals. It is thus a valuable source for decision makers, scientists and campaigners in this field.
Metals --- Sustainable development. --- Metals. --- Environmental aspects. --- Materials. --- Environmental management. --- Environmental economics. --- Environmental pollution. --- Climatic changes. --- Metallic Materials. --- Sustainable Development. --- Environmental Management. --- Environmental Economics. --- Industrial Pollution Prevention. --- Climate Change. --- Development, Sustainable --- Ecologically sustainable development --- Economic development, Sustainable --- Economic sustainability --- ESD (Ecologically sustainable development) --- Smart growth --- Sustainable development --- Sustainable economic development --- Economic development --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Chemical pollution --- Chemicals --- Contamination of environment --- Environmental pollution --- Pollution --- Contamination (Technology) --- Asbestos abatement --- Bioremediation --- Environmental engineering --- Environmental quality --- Factory and trade waste --- Hazardous waste site remediation --- Hazardous wastes --- In situ remediation --- Lead abatement --- Pollutants --- Refuse and refuse disposal --- Economics --- Environmental stewardship --- Stewardship, Environmental --- Environmental sciences --- Management --- Engineering --- Engineering materials --- Industrial materials --- Engineering design --- Manufacturing processes --- Environmental aspects --- Economic aspects --- Materials --- Pollution prevention. --- Climate change. --- Prevention of pollution --- Environmental protection --- Metallic elements --- Chemical elements --- Ores --- Metallurgy --- Control --- Prevention and control --- Global environmental change
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Molecular Structure --- Magnetics --- Models, Molecular --- Molecules --- Magnets --- Magnetic properties --- Propriétés magnétiques --- Chemistry. --- Chemistry, inorganic. --- Molecular structure. --- Magnetism. --- Materials. --- Inorganic Chemistry. --- Metallic Materials. --- Atomic and Molecular Structure and Spectra. --- Magnetism, Magnetic Materials. --- Models, Theoretical --- Biochemical Phenomena --- Physicochemical Phenomena --- Physics --- Chemical Phenomena --- Investigative Techniques --- Phenomena and Processes --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Atomic Physics --- Inorganic Chemistry --- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry --- Chemistry --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Magnets. --- Magnetic properties. --- Natural Sciences --- Physical Sciences --- Discipline, Natural Science --- Disciplines, Natural Science --- Natural Science --- Natural Science Discipline --- Physical Science --- Science, Natural --- Science, Physical --- Sciences, Natural --- Sciences, Physical --- Investigative Technics --- Investigative Technic --- Investigative Technique --- Technic, Investigative --- Technics, Investigative --- Technique, Investigative --- Techniques, Investigative --- Chemical Phenomenon --- Chemical Process --- Physical Chemistry Phenomena --- Physical Chemistry Process --- Physicochemical Phenomenon --- Physicochemical Process --- Chemical Concepts --- Chemical Processes --- Physical Chemistry Concepts --- Physical Chemistry Processes --- Physicochemical Concepts --- Physicochemical Processes --- Chemical Concept --- Chemistry Process, Physical --- Chemistry Processes, Physical --- Concept, Chemical --- Concept, Physical Chemistry --- Concept, Physicochemical --- Concepts, Chemical --- Concepts, Physical Chemistry --- Concepts, Physicochemical --- Phenomena, Chemical --- Phenomena, Physical Chemistry --- Phenomena, Physicochemical --- Phenomenon, Chemical --- Phenomenon, Physicochemical --- Physical Chemistry Concept --- Physicochemical Concept --- Process, Chemical --- Process, Physical Chemistry --- Process, Physicochemical --- Processes, Chemical --- Processes, Physical Chemistry --- Processes, Physicochemical --- Physic --- Biochemical Concepts --- Biochemical Phenomenon --- Biochemical Process --- Phenomena, Biochemical --- Biochemical Processes --- Biochemical Concept --- Concept, Biochemical --- Concepts, Biochemical --- Phenomenon, Biochemical --- Process, Biochemical --- Processes, Biochemical --- Experimental Model --- Experimental Models --- Mathematical Model --- Model, Experimental --- Models (Theoretical) --- Models, Experimental --- Models, Theoretic --- Theoretical Study --- Mathematical Models --- Model (Theoretical) --- Model, Mathematical --- Model, Theoretical --- Models, Mathematical --- Studies, Theoretical --- Study, Theoretical --- Theoretical Model --- Theoretical Models --- Theoretical Studies --- Structure, Molecular --- Molecular Structures --- Structures, Molecular --- Molecular Models --- Model, Molecular --- Molecular Model --- Magnetic --- Engineering --- Engineering materials --- Industrial materials --- Inorganic chemistry --- Materials --- Inorganic chemistry. --- Atomic structure. --- Spectra. --- Magnetic materials. --- Metals. --- Atomic/Molecular Structure and Spectra. --- Mathematical physics --- Electricity --- Inorganic compounds --- Engineering design --- Manufacturing processes --- Atomic structure . --- Molecular structure . --- Chemical structure --- Structural bioinformatics --- Structure, Atomic --- Atomic theory --- Metallic elements --- Chemical elements --- Ores --- Metallurgy
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