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Germany

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In der Diskussion um die Weiterentwicklung der naturschutzrechtlichen Eingriffsregelung spielt das Thema „Flächenpools“ seit längerer Zeit eine wichtige Rolle: Von Poollösungen wird eine Bündelung der anfallenden Kompensationsmaßnahmen und damit eine Effektivierung im Vollzug der Eingriffsregelung erwartet. Für eine zielgerichtete Ausgestaltung von Kompensationsmaßnahmen sind aber auch fundierte naturräumliche Kenntnisse notwendig, wobei gerade in norddeutschen Niederungsbereichen dem Landschaftswasserhaushalt eine zentrale Rolle zukommt.Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde über ein Erprobungs- und Entwicklungsvorhaben in der Kulturlandschaft Mittlere Havel der Aufbau und die Entwicklung einer sog. Flächenagentur erprobt und wissenschaftlich begleitet. Die Agentur soll als Betreiberin eines regionalen Flächenpools für Kompensationsmaßnahmen zur effektiven und wirtschaftlichen Umsetzung der Eingriffsregelung beitragen. Parallel wurden am Beispiel des Landschaftswasserhaushalts sowie der Pflanzung autochthoner und allochthoner Gehölze die regionalen landschaftsräumlichen Rahmenbedingungen für Naturschutzmaßnahmen untersucht. Der vorliegende Bericht dokumentiert die Ergebnisse.

Germany --- ecology

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The paper employs a structural vector auto-regression (SVAR) along the lines of Blanchard and Quah (1989) and Clarida and Gali (1994) to identify the sources of changes in German international price competitiveness over the past 30 years. This leads to a separation of the driving forces of the real exchange rate into real demand, supply, and nominal shocks. Based on this decomposition, it is analysed whether real exchange rate changes have helped to stabilise output in the post re-unification period and whether such changes have facilitated the ongoing structural adjustment process of the German economy. The results indicate that real demand and nominal shocks have been the main drivers of the real exchange rate in the past, whereas output fluctuations have been almost entirely due to supply shocks. In particular, it turns out that improvements of Germany’s price competitiveness in the second half of the 1990s have been primarily the result of a relative domestic demand restraint and hardly that of supply side expansions.

Economics --- Germany

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Much scope remains to make regulation of product markets more conducive to competition ? notwithstanding progress in recent years ? with substantial benefits for consumer welfare, productivity and employment. While the general competition legislation and enforcement framework is mostly effective, measures need to be taken to reduce administrative burdens on entrepreneurship and reduce the involvement of the government in business sector activities, notably through accelerated privatisation. Policies favouring small enterprises need to be revised, with a view to fully exposing them to competition and avoiding disincentives for small firms to grow. Substantial regulatory challenges exist in specific sectors, notably in the energy and railway industries where non-discriminatory access of market entrants to networks needs to be improved. Environmental objectives in energy market regulation could be achieved at lower cost. In the telecommunications industry, competition in the local loop can be strengthened. Regulation of the liberal professions is among the most restrictive in the OECD. Entry barriers need to be eliminated in crafts. and restrictions on large-scale retailing development could be eased. This paper relates to the 2006 Economic Survey of Germany (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/germany).

Economics --- Germany

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Ecclesiology --- Germany