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The purpose of this paper is to empirically determine the causes of worldwide diversity of inflation volatility. We show that higher degrees of political instability, ideological polarization, and political fragmentation are associated with higher inflation volatility.

Electronic books. -- local. --- Inflation (Finance) -- Econometric models. --- Political stability -- Econometric models. --- Finance --- Business & Economics --- Money --- Inflation (Finance) --- Political stability --- Econometric models. --- Destabilization (Political science) --- Political instability --- Stability, Political --- Consensus (Social sciences) --- Legitimacy of governments --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Agribusiness --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Agriculture: General --- Agricultural economics --- Oil prices --- Agricultural sector --- Agricultural industries

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In the presence of risk and uncertainty, measures such as poverty rates are inadequate to analyze the well-being of poor households. The poor are not only concerned about the current low levels of their income or consumption, but also the likelihood of experiencing stressful declines in these levels in the future. Risks to livelihood are particularly important in rural areas where there is generally high dependence on agriculture and the environment. In this study, the author analyzes the nature, extent, and causes of rural vulnerability in Serbia using panel national household data from the 2002 and 2003 Serbia Living Standard Surveys. He measures rural vulnerability as a function of nonstochastic determinants of poverty as well as exposure to risk. While low levels of consumption (poverty) explain about 70 percent of vulnerability, the author identifies risk and uncertainty as crucial dimensions of rural life in accounting for the remaining 30 percent of household vulnerability. Households and regions with a greater share of their livelihood depending on agricultural activities are more at risk of vulnerability than those with a significantly higher share of their income coming from nonagricultural sources. Dependence on agricultural income is directly associated with higher aggregate risk, underscoring the agricultural sector's lopsided exposure to covariate shocks in general, and the negative impact of the 2003 drought in particular. Rural vulnerability to poverty and risk is also strongly associated with asset ownership and access to markets to mobilize them in time of need.

Access To Markets --- Agricultural Sector --- Covariate Shocks --- Drought --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Household Vulnerability --- Household Welfare --- Human Development --- Income --- Measures --- Poor --- Poor Households --- Population Policies --- Poverty --- Poverty Assessment --- Poverty Measures --- Poverty Rates --- Poverty Reduction --- Risks --- Rural --- Rural Areas --- Rural Development --- Rural Life --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Rural Vulnerability

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The economic losses resulting from the environmental impacts considered in this report are equivalent to more than 4 percent o f Bangladesh's Gross Domestic Product. Among these impacts, three sources of environmental degradation stand out as currently receiving insufficient attention given their relative significance: (1) in door and urban air pollution, (2) the degradation o f water quality in Dhaka, and (3) the decline of capture fisheries. The economic losses associated with these three concerns alone may amount to more than 2.7 percent of GDP. The report proposes a set of actions in each o f these areas, and also identifies a series of measures that could be taken to strengthen environmental governance, which forms an overarching constraint to improved environmental management across all issues. While the report estimates the economic losses associated with the environmental impacts considered, it does not provide a benefit-cost or cost-effectiveness analysis of the proposed mitigating actions. It will be important to examine the costs of the proposed actions in more detail as an element of the follow-up work in each o f the priority areas.

Agricultural Productivity --- Agricultural Sector Economics --- Agriculture --- Air Pollution --- Air Quality and Clean Air --- Climate Change and Agriculture --- Climate Change Impacts --- Environment --- Fisheries and Aquaculture --- Soil Erosion --- Sustainable Land Management --- Water Resources Management --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Economics --- Water Treatment and Quality

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This Statistical Appendix for 2001–05 for the Republic of Belarus highlights the GDP; capital investment by sector; industrial production; inventories; production and consumption of energy; administered prices of household services; tariffs and cost coverage of utility prices for households; average monthly wages; price and wage developments; money income and expenditures of the population; labor market indicators; average monthly employment by sector; profits and losses of enterprises; energy debts of enterprises; tax arrears; government debt; export and import statistics; and other selected statistical data.

Banks and Banking --- Investments: Energy --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Agribusiness --- Infrastructure --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Electric Utilities --- Agriculture: General --- Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities: General --- Monetary economics --- Banking --- Investment & securities --- Agricultural economics --- Credit --- Consumption --- Electricity --- Agricultural sector --- National accounts --- Money --- Commodities --- Economic sectors --- Transportation --- Economics --- Banks and banking --- Electric utilities --- Agricultural industries --- Saving and investment --- Belarus, Republic of

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The report provides the details of the projections and estimates of Mauritania's gross domestic product by activity at current prices, 1992–2005 and at 1998 prices, 1993–2005; iron ore production, exports and stocks, consolidated government operations and revenue, 1994–2005; consumption of petroleum products, 1995–2005; monetary survey, foreign assets and liabilities of the banking system, assets and liabilities of the central bank and commercial banks, exports and imports, external publicly guaranteed debt outstanding and debt services, income and transfers, foreign trade indices, SNIM operating accounts and balance sheet, supply of cereals, etc.

Banks and Banking --- Public Finance --- Taxation --- Agribusiness --- Agricultural Markets and Marketing --- Cooperatives --- Agriculture: General --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- Agriculture, agribusiness & food production industries --- Public finance & taxation --- Agricultural economics --- Banking --- Agroindustries --- Agricultural sector --- Commercial banks --- Revenue administration --- Consumption taxes --- Economic sectors --- Taxes --- Financial institutions --- Agricultural industries --- Banks and banking --- Revenue --- Spendings tax --- Mauritania, Islamic Republic of