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Old Turkic language. --- Civilization, Turkic. --- Civilization, Turkic. --- Old Turkic language.

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The Cumans and the Tatars were nomadic warriors of the Eurasian steppe who exerted an enduring impact on the medieval Balkans. With this work, István Vásáry presents an extensive examination of their history from 1185 to 1365. The basic instrument of Cuman and Tatar political success was their military force, over which none of the Balkan warring factions could claim victory. As a consequence, groups of the Cumans and the Tatars settled and mingled with the local population in various regions of the Balkans. The Cumans were the founders of three successive Bulgarian dynasties (Asenids, Terterids and Shishmanids) and the Wallachian dynasty (Basarabids). They also played an active role in Byzantium, Hungary and Serbia, with Cuman immigrants being integrated into each country's elite. This book also demonstrates how the prevailing political anarchy in the Balkans in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries made it ripe for the Ottoman conquest.

Kipchak (Turkic people) --- Tatars --- Tartars --- Ethnology --- Mongols --- Turkic peoples --- Kereyid (Asian people) --- Coman (Turkic people) --- Cuman (Turkic people) --- Kipchak --- Kuman (Turkic people) --- Polovtsi (Turkic people) --- Polovtsy (Turkic people) --- Balkan Peninsula --- Civilization. --- Arts and Humanities --- History --- Qipchak (Turkic people) --- Qipchaq (Turkic people)

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Burial --- Excavations (Archaeology) --- Funeral rites and ceremonies --- Turkic peoples --- Turkic peoples --- Funeral customs and rites --- Material culture --- Altai Mountains Region --- Antiquities, Turkic.

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Language policy --- Uighur (Turkic people) --- Politics and government.

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The extant writings of the late Tang chief minister Li Deyu form the basis for Michael Drompp's reconstruction of the Tang dynasty's response to a threatening event, viz. the collapse of the Uighur steppe empire in 840 C.E., and the subsequent fleeing of large numbers of Uighur refugees to China's northern frontier. Through a translation of seventy relevant documents the author analyzes the rhetoric of the crisis, as well as its aftermath. The extant writings of Li Deyu uniquely allow an in-depth look into Chinese-Inner Asian relations, very unusual for such an early period. This volume permits us a close look at the workings of the late Tang government, particularly in terms of policy formation and implementation, as well as the rhetoric surrounding such activities.

Uighur (Turkic people) --- History --- Tang Dynasty (China) --- China --- History