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Stochastic Processes; Fluctuation Phenomena; Classical Statistical Mechanics; Oscillator; Brownian Motion; Stochastic Resonance; Multiplicative Noise

Statistical mechanics. --- Stochastic differential equations. --- Oscillations. --- Noise. --- Sound --- Silence --- Cycles --- Fluctuations (Physics) --- Vibration --- Differential equations --- Fokker-Planck equation --- Mechanics --- Mechanics, Analytic --- Quantum statistics --- Statistical physics --- Thermodynamics

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This book is the first comprehensive assessment of the legal duties of states with regard to human induced climate change damage. By discussing the current state of climate science in the context of binding international law, it convincingly argues that compensation for such damage could indeed be recoverable. The author analyses legal duties requiring states to prevent climate change damage, and discusses to what extent a breach of these duties will give rise to state responsibility (international liability). The analysis includes the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol, but also various nature/ biodiversity protection and law of the sea instruments, as well as the no-harm-rule as a key provision of customary international law. The challenge in applying the different aspects of the law on state responsibility, including causation and standard of proof, are discussed in three case studies, and the questions raised by multiple polluters explored in depth. Against this background, the author advocates an internationally negotiated solution to the issue of climate change damage.

Environmental law --- International law --- Climatic changes --- Environmental aspects. --- Research --- Law and legislation. --- Climatic changes - Research - Law and legislation. --- Climatic changes - Environmental aspects. --- Climatic changes. --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Global environmental change --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Environmental aspects

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Accurate monitoring and prediction of agricultural droughts helps manage them, minimize losses attributed to them, and mitigate their extreme forms, which some countries face even today. This book presents the basic concepts of agricultural drought, various remote sensing techniques used to monitor them, and efforts by international organisations to check them.

Droughts. --- Drought forecasting. --- Climatic changes. --- Meteorology, Agricultural --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Droughts --- Forecasting, Drought --- Weather forecasting --- Drought --- Drouth --- Drouths --- Weather --- Agricultural meteorology --- Agrometeorology --- Plant biometeorology --- Bioclimatology --- Remote sensing. --- Environmental aspects --- Forecasting --- Global environmental change

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At the beginning of the twenty-first century, no environmental issue is of such truly global magnitude as the issue of climate change. The poorer, developing countries are the least equipped to adapt to the potential effects of climate change, although most of them have played an insignificant role in causing it. African countries are amongst the poorest of the developing countries. This book presents the issues of most relevance to Africa, such as past and present climate, desertification, biomass burning and its implications for atmospheric chemistry and climate, energy generation, sea-level rise, ENSO-induced drought and flood, adaptation, disaster risk reduction, the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol (especially the Clean Development Mechanism), capacity-building, and sustainable development. It provides a comprehensive and up-to-date review of these and many other issues, with chapters by the leading experts from a range of disciplines. Climate Change and Africa will prove to be an invaluable reference for all researchers and policy makers with an interest in climate change and Africa.

Climatic changes --- Climatology. --- Climate --- Climate science --- Climate sciences --- Science of climate --- Atmospheric science --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Environmental aspects --- Global environmental change --- Environmental Sciences --- Atmospheric Science

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Using unobserved stochastic components and Kalman filter techniques, the paper assesses the relative importance of transitory and permanent shifts in Italian real GDP within a production function framework. Evidence suggests that the increase in hours worked that has accompanied pension and labor market reforms accounts for the bulk of low-frequency variation in growth, but points to factor utilization as the main driver of business cycle fluctuations. In contrast with the predictions of standard Real Business Cycle models, a positive shock to the underlying rate of total factor productivity growth generates a slight decline in hours, whereas the response of output to the same shock is found to be positive.

Business cycles -- Econometric models. --- Electronic books. -- local. --- Gross domestic product -- Italy. --- Italy -- Economic conditions. --- Macroeconomics --- Production and Operations Management --- Macroeconomics: Production --- Production --- Cost --- Capital and Total Factor Productivity --- Capacity --- Labor Economics: General --- Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Labour --- income economics --- Economic growth --- Total factor productivity --- Productivity --- Labor --- Business cycles --- Capacity utilization --- Industrial productivity --- Labor economics --- Industrial capacity --- Italy