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Monoclonal antibodies --- Antibody-enzyme conjugates

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Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV), an oncogenic retrovirus, has became an animal model for the human virus HTLV-1 (Human T-cell Leukemia Virus), responsible for the induction of Adult T-cell Leukemia as well as a neurodegenerative disease called TSP/HAM (Tropical Spastic Paraparesis/HTLV associated myelopathy). In order to better understand the BLV-associated pathology, we studied three different aspects of BLV-infection in sheep : (i) the primo-infection period in infected sheep by BLV mutants, (ii) the immune selection against the virus in the lymph nodes and (iii) the apoptotic pathways associated to BLV. In the first part, we analyzed viral expression, apoptosis, anti-viral antibodies and proviral loads in 14 sheep (2 control animals and 12 animals infected by wild-type or BLV mutants) during the primo-infection period. We demonstrated that seroconversion period is characterized by an increase of viral expression, apoptosis and proviral load. Moreover, sheep presenting different provi ral loads generate a similar humoral immune response. Together, our data suggest an opportunistic behavior of BLV during the first period of infection, taking apparently advantage of the immune selection to propagate. In the second part, we tempted to evaluate the importance of immune selection using an original strategy based on lymph node cannulation. The CFSE fluorescent labeling of peripheral blood cells and the recovery of lymph permitted to follow cells expressing the virus and apoptotic B lymphocytes in the bloody and lymphatic compartments. Our results show that very few B lymphocytes from lymph are able to express the virus in comparison to B cells from blood. Moreover, in contrast to observations made in blood cells, any protection against ex vivo apoptosis was detected in B lymphocytes from lymph of infected animals. We hypothesized that these phenomenon could be due to the immune selection in vivo. Finally, in order to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the pro tection against apoptosis associated to BLV, we cultivated peripheral blood mononucleated cells in the presence of inhibitors. We showed that B lymphocytes apoptosis is caspase 8-dependant regardless of viral expression. However, the inhibition of apoptosis conferred by BLV-conditioned supernatant was reverted by two inhibitors known to deplete the intracellular glutathion : APDC and ethacrynic acid. Futhermore, our results demonstrated that an increase of intracellular GSH correlates with the inhibition of apoptosis without implication of GSH peroxidase or GSH reductase. Altogether, the information provided by our experiments contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms associated to BLV infection, and more precisely to the mechanisms involved in viral expression, propagation and apoptosis modulation.

Bovine leukosis --- Models --- viruses. --- viruses --- Human diseases --- Pathogenicity --- apoptosis --- lymphocytes --- antigen antibody reactions --- Immune response --- Enzyme activity

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Bone Neoplasms --- Bone Transplantation. --- Antibody Affinity --- Lymphocyte Activation --- Grafting, Bone --- Transplantation, Bone --- Bone Grafting --- Bone and Bones --- surgery. --- immunology. --- transplantation --- Theses --- Bone Transplantation --- surgery --- immunology

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Although, Phagocytosis was first described nearly 120 year ago, we are just recently beginning to understand the molecules that phagocytic cells use to bring about this complex cell function. Molecular Mechanisms of Phagocytosis was prepared as a series of up-to-date essays (chapters) that describe the present knowledge on the various steps of the phagocytic process from initial cell contact, through internalization of the foreign particle, to the final phagosome formation where the phagocytosed particle is destroyed.

Phagocytosis. --- Antigen-antibody reactions --- Endocytosis --- Immune response --- Immunology --- Phagosomes --- Pinocytosis --- Reticulo-endothelial system --- Tuftsin --- Cytology. --- Oncology. --- Immunology. --- Biochemistry. --- Microbiology. --- Cell Biology. --- Cancer Research. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Microbial biology --- Biology --- Microorganisms --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- Tumors --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Composition --- Cell biology. --- Cancer research. --- Cancer research --- Cancer --- Research.

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Immunodiagnosis --- Allergy and Immunology. --- HLA-D Antigens. --- Immunologic Techniques. --- Immunologic Tests. --- Receptors, Immunologic. --- Diagnostics immunologiques --- Immunodiagnosis. --- Immunological diagnosis --- Immunologic Receptor --- Immunological Receptors --- Immunologic Receptors --- Receptor, Immunologic --- Receptors, Immunological --- Diagnosis, Immunologic --- Immunologic Diagnosis --- Immunologic Test --- Immunological Tests --- Tests, Immunologic --- Diagnosis, Immunological --- Diagnoses, Immunologic --- Diagnoses, Immunological --- Immunodiagnoses --- Immunologic Diagnoses --- Immunological Diagnoses --- Immunological Diagnosis --- Immunological Test --- Test, Immunologic --- Test, Immunological --- Tests, Immunological --- Antibody Dissociation --- Immunologic Technic --- Immunologic Technics --- Immunologic Technique --- Immunological Technics --- Immunological Techniques --- Technic, Immunologic --- Technics, Immunologic --- Technique, Immunologic --- Techniques, Immunologic --- Antibody Dissociations --- Dissociation, Antibody --- Dissociations, Antibody --- Immunological Technic --- Immunological Technique --- Technic, Immunological --- Technics, Immunological --- Technique, Immunological --- Techniques, Immunological --- Allergy and Immunology --- HLA-D --- HLA-Dw --- Immune Response Associated Antigens, Human --- Antigens, HLA-D --- Class II Human Antigens --- HLA-Dw Antigens --- Human Class II Antigens --- Ia-Like Antigens, Human --- Immune Response-Associated Antigens, Human --- Immune-Associated Antigens, Human --- Immune-Response Antigens, Human --- Antigens, HLA D --- Antigens, HLA-Dw --- Antigens, Human Ia-Like --- Antigens, Human Immune-Associated --- Antigens, Human Immune-Response --- HLA D Antigens --- HLA Dw Antigens --- Human Ia-Like Antigens --- Human Immune-Associated Antigens --- Human Immune-Response Antigens --- Ia Like Antigens, Human --- Immune Associated Antigens, Human --- Immune Response Antigens, Human --- Allergy Specialty --- Allergy, Immunology --- Immunology and Allergy --- Immunology, Allergy --- Immunology --- Specialty, Allergy --- methods --- HLA-D Antigens --- Immunologic Techniques --- Immunologic Tests --- Receptors, Immunologic --- Immunity --- Immunochemistry --- Clinical immunology --- Diagnosis, Laboratory --- Immunoassay --- Journal --- Periodicals --- HLA-D Antigens.. --- HLA histocompatibility antigens. --- Antigènes HLA-D. --- Diagnostics immunologiques. --- HL-A histocompatibility antigens --- HLA antigens --- HLA transplantation antigens --- Human leukocyte antigens --- Transplantation antigens, Human --- Histocompatibility antigens --- Major histocompatibility complex