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Foreign trade policy --- World Trade Organization --- International trade --- Commerce international --- #SBIB:327.7H31 --- BPB0602 --- 341.125 WTO --- 339.9 --- AA / International- internationaal --- 334.81 --- 382 OMC --- 382 --- 330.17(100) --- 382.92 --- Andere intergouvernementele organisaties: WTO, ASEAN e.a. --- World Trade Organization--vv n-{341.125 GATT} sinds 1995--WTO --- Buitenlandse economische betrekkingen. Internationale economische betrekkingen --- Wereldhandelsorganisatie (WHO). Algemene overeenkomst voor handel en tarieven (GATT). --- Organisation Mondiale du Commerce - OMC --- internationale handel - wereldhandel - buitenlandse handel --- economische orde, internationaal --- Social sciences International commerce World Trade Organization --- 339.9 Buitenlandse economische betrekkingen. Internationale economische betrekkingen --- 341.125 WTO World Trade Organization--vv n-{341.125 GATT} sinds 1995--WTO --- External trade --- Foreign commerce --- Foreign trade --- Global commerce --- Global trade --- Trade, International --- World trade --- Commerce --- International economic relations --- Non-traded goods --- Andere intergouvernementele organisaties: WTO, ASEAN e.a --- Wereldhandelsorganisatie (WHO). Algemene overeenkomst voor handel en tarieven (GATT) --- World Trade Organization. --- Biśva Bāṇijya Saṃsthā --- Dėlkhiĭn Khudaldaany Baĭguullaga --- DTÖ --- Dünya Ticaret Örgütü --- Munaẓẓamat al-Tijārah al-ʻĀlamīyah --- O.M.C. --- OMC --- ʻOngkān Kānkhā Lōk --- Organisation mondiale du commerce --- Organização Mundial do Comércio --- Organización Mundial de Comercio --- Organización Mundial del Comercio --- Organizația Mondială de Comerț --- Organizzazione mondiale del commercio --- Organizzazione mondiale per il commercio --- Qaṅgkār Bāṇijjakamm Bibhab Lok --- Sāzmān-i Tijārat-i Jahānī --- Shi jie mao yi zu zhi --- SOT --- Světová obchodní organizace --- Svitova orhanizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ torhivli --- Światowa Organizacja Handlu --- Tổ chức thương mại thế giới --- Viśva Vyapāra Saṅgaṭhana --- Vsemirnai︠a︡ torgovai︠a︡ organizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- VTO --- W.T.O. --- Welthandelsorganisation --- World Trade Organisation --- WTO --- منظمة التجارة العالمية --- 世界貿易組織 --- 世界贸易组织 --- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Organization)

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Internationale economische politiek --- Internationale organisaties --- 255 Internationale organisaties --- internationale organisaties --- BIB Bank voor Internationale Betalingen --- FAO Food and Agriculture Organization --- IMF International Muntfonds --- OESO Organisatie voor Economische Samenwerking en Ontwikkeling --- UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development --- WTO World Trade Organization --- Wereldbank --- IMF --- OESO --- organisations internationales --- 339.92 --- #SBIB:327.7H120 --- #SBIB:327.7H130 --- #SBIB:327.7H31 --- Academic collection --- economie --- 339.9 --- Verenigde Naties --- economische politiek --- politiek --- GATT --- economische organisaties, internationaal --- handelspolitiek, internationaal --- ontwikkelingslanden --- 339.92 Economische samenwerking en integratie. Tolunie --- Economische samenwerking en integratie. Tolunie --- Verenigde Naties: algemeen --- Verenigde Naties: gespecialiseerde instellingen (UNESCO, FRO, OIT, ...) --- Andere intergouvernementele organisaties: WTO, ASEAN e.a. --- internationale economie in het algemeen. Internationale economische betrekkingen. Wereldeconomie --- International economic relations --- Law of international organizations --- Andere intergouvernementele organisaties: WTO, ASEAN e.a

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Standards and technical regulations exist to protect consumer safety or to achieve other goals, such as ensuring the interoperability of telecommunications systems, for example. Standards and technical regulations can, however, raise substantially both start-up and production costs for firms. Maskus, Otsuki, and Wilson develop econometric models to provide the first estimates of the incremental production costs for firms in developing nations in conforming to standards imposed by major importing countries. They use firm-level data generated from 16 developing countries in the World Bank Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Survey Database. Their findings indicate that standards do increase short-run production costs by requiring additional inputs of labor and capital. A 1 percent increase in investment to meet compliance costs in importing countries raises variable production costs by between 0.06 and 0.13 percent, a statistically significant increase. The authors also find that the fixed costs of compliance are nontrivial-approximately USD 425,000 per firm, or about 4.7 percent of value added on average. The results may be interpreted as one indication of the extent to which standards and technical regulations might constitute barriers to trade. While the relative impact on costs of compliance is relatively small, these costs can be decisive factors driving export success for companies. In this context, there is scope for considering that the costs associated with more limited exports to countries with import regulations may not conform to World Trade Organization rules encouraging harmonization of regulations to international standards, for example. Policy solutions then might be sought by identifying the extent to which subsidies or public support programs are needed to offset the cost disadvantage that arises from nonharmonized technical regulations.

Administrative and Regulatory Law --- Capital --- Competitiveness --- Cost Functions --- Damages --- Econometric Models --- Economic Theory and Research --- Exports --- Fixed Costs --- Inputs --- Investment --- Labor Policies --- Law and Development --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Markets --- Production --- Production Costs --- Public Sector Regulation --- Social Protections and Labor --- Tariff Barriers --- Telecommunications --- Trade --- Trade Disputes --- Value --- Value Added --- World Trade Organization --- WTO

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China --- Chine --- Foreign relations --- Congresses. --- Civilization --- Relations extérieures --- Congrès --- Civilisation --- S09/0264 --- S09/0800 --- S09/0750 --- S16/0700 --- S10/0700 --- China: Foreign relations and world politics--General works: since 1989 --- China: Foreign relations and world politics--China and Africa --- China: Foreign relations and world politics--China and international organizations --- China: Literature and theatrical art--Comparative literature --- China: Economics, industry and commerce--International economic relations (incl. development aid and problems, WTO) --- Relations extérieures --- Congrès

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Competition, International --- Industrialization --- Investments, Foreign --- S10/0251 --- S10/0641 --- S10/0700 --- International competition --- World economics --- International relations --- International trade --- War --- China: Economics, industry and commerce--General works and economic history: since 1989 --- China: Economics, industry and commerce--Foreign trade and economic relations: since 1989 --- China: Economics, industry and commerce--International economic relations (incl. development aid and problems, WTO) --- Economic aspects --- China --- United States --- Economic conditions --- Economic policy --- Foreign economic relations --- Social change --- Economic conditions. Economic development