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"In this paper, the authors describe South Africa's value added tax (VAT), showing that (1) the VAT is mildly regressive, and (2) it is an effective source of government revenue, compared with other tax instruments in South Africa. They evaluate the VAT in the context of other distortions in the economy by computing the marginal cost of funds-the effect of raising government revenue by increasing the VAT rates on household welfare. Then they evaluate alternative, revenue-neutral tax systems in which they reduce the VAT and raise income taxes. For the analysis, the authors use a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model with detailed specification of South Africa's tax system. Households are disaggregated into income deciles. They demonstrate that alternative tax structures can benefit low-income households without placing excess burdens on high-income households. "--World Bank web site.

Value added tax

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Tax law --- BTW (Belasting over de Toegevoegde Waarde) --- fiscaal recht --- Belgium --- Value-added tax --- Law and legislation --- Tax deductions

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Foreign trade regulation --- Value-added tax --- Customs administration --- Commerce extérieur --- Taxe à la valeur ajoutée --- Douanes --- Law and legislation --- Réglementation --- Droit

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Non-tariff trade barriers --- Small business --- Value-added tax --- United States --- European Union countries --- Foreign economic relations --- European union countries --- Business & economics --- Political science

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Public sector revenue has declined markedly in the Philippines over the past seven years. Most observers of the Philippine economy agree that rebuilding public sector revenue will be critical to reducing deficits and ensuring public sector debt sustainability. This paper reviews several of the main possibilities for raising public sector revenue, including increases in excise, VAT, and electricity rates. It argues that most of these proposals would raise revenue in a relatively efficient manner. Using household-level expenditure data, it also finds that most of these measures would be progressive, especially if they allow the government to avoid cuts in pro-poor spending.

Electronic books. -- local. --- Finance, Public -- Philippines. --- Revenue -- Philippines. --- Value-added tax -- Philippines. --- Investments: Energy --- Public Finance --- Taxation --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Energy: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Excise taxes --- Investment & securities --- Excises --- Value-added tax --- Tax incentives --- Oil --- Revenue administration --- Excise tax --- Spendings tax --- Petroleum industry and trade --- Revenue --- Philippines