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MNEs. --- R&D. --- R&D spillovers.
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Humans have lived in close proximity to other animals for thousands of years. Recent scientific studies have even shown that the presence of animals has a positive effect on our physical and mental health. People with pets typically have lower blood pressure, show fewer symptoms of depression, and tend to get more exercise. But there is a darker side to the relationship between animals and humans. Animals are carriers of harmful infectious agents and the source of a myriad of human diseases. In recent years, the emergence of high-profile illnesses such as AIDS, SARS, West Nile virus, and bird flu has drawn much public attention, but as E. Fuller Torrey and Robert H. Yolken reveal, the transfer of deadly microbes from animals to humans is neither a new nor an easily avoided problem. Beginning with the domestication of farm animals nearly 10,000 years ago, Beasts of the Earth traces the ways that human-animal contact has evolved over time. Today, shared living quarters, overlapping ecosystems, and experimental surgical practices where organs or tissues are transplanted from non-humans into humans continue to open new avenues for the transmission of infectious agents. Other changes in human behavior like increased air travel, automated food processing, and threats of bioterrorism are increasing the contagion factor by transporting microbes further distances and to larger populations in virtually no time at all. While the authors urge that a better understanding of past diseases may help us lessen the severity of some illnesses, they also warn that, given our increasingly crowded planet, it is not a question of if but when and how often animal-transmitted diseases will pose serious challenges to human health in the future.
Disease Transmission --- Disease Outbreaks --- Zoonoses --- Animal-borne diseases --- Communicable diseases between animals and human beings --- Zoonotic diseases --- Communicable diseases --- Animals as carriers of disease --- Zoonotic Diseases --- Zoonotic Infections --- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases --- Zoonotic Spillover --- Disease, Zoonotic --- Disease, Zoonotic Infectious --- Diseases, Zoonotic --- Diseases, Zoonotic Infectious --- Infection, Zoonotic --- Infections, Zoonotic --- Infectious Disease, Zoonotic --- Infectious Diseases, Zoonotic --- Spillovers, Zoonotic --- Zoonotic Disease --- Zoonotic Infection --- Zoonotic Infectious Disease --- Zoonotic Spillovers --- Disease Reservoirs --- Public Health --- Communicable Diseases, Emerging --- Infectious Disease Outbreaks --- Outbreaks --- Disease Outbreak --- Disease Outbreak, Infectious --- Disease Outbreaks, Infectious --- Infectious Disease Outbreak --- Outbreak, Disease --- Outbreak, Infectious Disease --- Outbreaks, Disease --- Outbreaks, Infectious Disease
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The knowledge production function is central to R&D-based growth models. This paper empirically investigates the knowledge production function and intertemporal spillover effects using cointegration techniques. Time-series evidence suggests there are two long-run cointegrating relationships. The first captures a long-run knowledge production function; the second captures a long-run positive relationship between TFP and the knowledge stock. The results indicate the presence of strong intertemporal knowledge spillovers and that the long-run impact of the knowledge stock on TFP is small. This evidence is interpreted in light of existing theoretical and empirical evidence on endogenous growth.
Electronic books. -- local. --- Endogenous growth (Economics). --- Industrial productivity. --- Production (Economic theory). --- Research, Industrial -- Econometric models. --- Econometrics --- Investments: Stocks --- Macroeconomics --- Production and Operations Management --- Production --- Cost --- Capital and Total Factor Productivity --- Capacity --- Pension Funds --- Non-bank Financial Institutions --- Financial Instruments --- Institutional Investors --- Time-Series Models --- Dynamic Quantile Regressions --- Dynamic Treatment Effect Models --- Diffusion Processes --- Macroeconomics: Production --- Externalities --- Investment & securities --- Econometrics & economic statistics --- Total factor productivity --- Stocks --- Vector autoregression --- Productivity --- Spillovers --- Industrial productivity --- International finance --- United States --- Endogenous growth (Economics) --- Research, Industrial --- Production (Economic theory) --- Econometric models.
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