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A première vue, rien n'unit les femmes longilignes nimbées d'ors de Gustav Klimt, les anatomies écorchées vives d'Egon Schiele, les figures enfouies dans la pâte terreuse d'Oskar Kokoschka, et les allégories mystiques de Koloman Moser. Aucun style commun en tout cas. Même la Sécession, le mouvement auquel ils appartiennent tous, fournit peu d'indices, car il accueille aussi bien les arabesques décoratives que la rigueur géométrique. Reste à invoquer une ville, Vienne, et une époque, le tournant du XIXe siècle. Tout en précisant que ces artistes appartiennent à deux générations différentes : les aînés, Klimt et Moser, précèdent de vingt ans Schiele et Kokoschka. Selon une habitude répandue, nous pourrions également être tentés de deviner chez eux une succession de ruptures. Mais Klimt n'est pas en guerre contre l'art académique : il commence par l'adopter, avant de la recycler. Et ses dessins expriment une forme de crudité que l'on trouvera plus tard chez Schiele. Quant à Moser, il est à la fois créateur de meubles aux lignes strictes et peintre de scènes figuratives symboliques. Certains, pourtant, établissent des liens entre ces quatre Viennois, décelant chez eux la simplification naissante des formes, l'abolition de la profondeur, autant de manières qui annoncent l'abstraction et une facette nouvelle de la modernité. Ils ne sont pas les seuls : vers 1900, Cézanne, Monet, Gauguin, Matisse, voire Maurice Denis sont engagés sur une voie sinon identique du moins parallèle. Et si cette nouveauté viennoise, qui nous correspond tant aujourd'hui, résidait justement dans l'éclectisme, dans ces créations hétéroclites dont l'addition ne forme pas un tout ? Et n'offre aucune vision cohérente du monde. Pour le philosophe Claudio Magris, Vienne, empire aux multiples nationalités, Babel de langues est le "lieu symbolique dans lequel meurt la totalité de la tradition et naît la dispersion contemporaine". La musique dodécaphonique de Schoenberg, l'œuvre chaotique de l'écrivain Musil ou les désillusions du romancier Josef Roth illustrent parfaitement ce phénomène. Cette impossibilité de donner un sens aux choses et aux événements se traduit aussi dans la sensualité exacerbée et parfois obscène des nus de Klimt ou de Schiele : un désir de jouir de l'instant, sans espoir de lendemain.
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Polarization (Social sciences) --- Regionalism --- Alienation (Social psychology) --- Secession --- Sovereignty. --- Nationalism. --- Polarization (Social sciences) --- Regionalism --- Alienation (Social psychology) --- Secession --- Sovereignty --- Nationalism
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More Civil War battles were fought on Virginian soil than on that of any other Confederate state. No state suffered more from invasion and occupation than the Old Dominion, and none witnessed as much of the war. Virginia's story of the Civil War stands unique among the Confederate States. Virginia at War, 1861 looks at Virginia on the eve of secession, detailing the activities of the convention that finally took the state out of the Union and explaining how Richmond became the capital of the new Confederate nation. Chapters in the book examine Virginia's private state army and its little
Secession --- Sovereignty --- Separatist movements --- United States --- Virginia --- History --- Campaigns. --- Politics and government
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First published in 2005, A Theory of Secession: The Case for Political Self-Determination offers an unapologetic defense of the right to secede. Christopher Heath Wellman argues that any group has a moral right to secede as long as its political divorce will leave it and the remainder state in a position to perform the requisite political functions. He explains that there is nothing contradictory about valuing legitimate states, while permitting their division. Once political states are recognized as valuable because of the functions that they are uniquely suited to perform, it becomes apparent that the territorial boundaries of existing states might permissably be redrawn as long as neither the process, nor the result of this reconfiguration, interrupts the production of the crucial political benefits. Thus, if one values self-determination, then one has good reason to conclude that people have a right to determine their political boundaries.
Secession. --- Self-determination, National. --- Sovereignty. --- Sovereignty --- State sovereignty (International relations) --- International law --- Political science --- Common heritage of mankind (International law) --- International relations --- Self-determination, National --- National self-determination --- Nationalism --- Nation-state --- Nationalities, Principle of --- Separatist movements --- Law and legislation --- Secession --- Self-determination [National ] --- Arts and Humanities --- Philosophy
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Painting, Austrian --- Peinture autrichienne --- Exhibitions --- Expostions --- Klimt, Gustav, --- Schiele, Egon, --- Kokoschka, Oskar, --- Moser, Koloman, --- Criticism and interpretation. --- Klimt, Gustav --- Wiener Secession --- Art [Austrian ] --- Austria --- Vienna (Austria) --- 19th century --- 20th century --- Modernism (Art)
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Photography, Artistic --- Photography --- Arts, American --- Modernism (Art) --- Art and photography --- Photographie artistique --- Photographie --- Arts américains --- Modernisme (Art) --- Art et photographie --- Philosophy --- History --- Philosophie --- Histoire --- Stieglitz, Alfred, --- Photo-Secession (Association) --- Armory Show --- 77 STIEGLITZ, ALFRED --- 77 <73> --- kunst --- avant-garde --- fotografie --- portretfotografie --- architectuurfotografie --- naaktfotografie --- schilderkunst --- Verenigde Staten --- Stieglitz Alfred --- O'Keeffe Georgia --- Strand Paul --- Duchamp Marcel --- Marin John --- Picabia Francis --- literatuur --- poëzie --- New York --- Camera Work --- 291 --- Photo-Secession --- New York Secession --- 77.071 STIEGLITZ --- 7.036 --- Fotografie--STIEGLITZ, ALFRED --- Fotografie--Verenigde Staten van Amerika. VSA. USA --- 77 <73> Fotografie--Verenigde Staten van Amerika. VSA. USA --- 77 STIEGLITZ, ALFRED Fotografie--STIEGLITZ, ALFRED --- Arts américains --- Artistic photography --- Photography, Pictorial --- Pictorial photography --- Art --- Art, Modernist --- Modern art --- Modernism in art --- Modernist art --- Aesthetic movement (Art) --- Art, Modern --- Arts, Modern --- Algonquin Round Table --- Catharctic Circle (Group of artists) --- Photography and art --- Aesthetics --- O'Keeffe, Georgia, --- Armory Show, --- International Exhibition of Modern Art
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Can the Balkans ever become a peaceful peninsula like that of Scandinavia? With enlightened backing, can it ever make common cause with the rest of Europe rather than being an arena of periodic conflicts, political misrule, and economic misery?In the last years of the twentieth century, Western states watched with alarm as a wave of conflicts swept over much of the Balkans. Ethno-nationalist disputes, often stoked by unprincipled leaders, plunged Yugoslavia into bloody warfare. Romania, Bulgaria and Albania struggled to find stability as they reeled from the collapse of the communist
Yugoslav War, 1991-1995. --- Kosovo War, 1998-1999 --- Kosovo Conflict, 1998-1999 --- Kosovo Crisis, 1998-1999 --- War in former Yugoslavia, 1991-1995 --- Yugoslav Conflict, 1991-1995 --- Yugoslav Wars of Secession, 1991-1995 --- Yugoslav War Crime Trials, Hague, Netherlands, 1994 --- -Peace. --- Balkan Peninsula --- Former Yugoslav republics --- Ex-Yugoslav republics --- Ex-Yugoslavia --- Former Yugoslavia --- Politics and government --- History. --- Peace.
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Yugoslav War, 1991-1995. --- Democratization --- Post-communism --- Ethnic conflict --- Democratic consolidation --- Democratic transition --- Political science --- New democracies --- Conflict, Ethnic --- Ethnic violence --- Inter-ethnic conflict --- Interethnic conflict --- Ethnic relations --- Social conflict --- War in former Yugoslavia, 1991-1995 --- Yugoslav Conflict, 1991-1995 --- Yugoslav Wars of Secession, 1991-1995 --- Yugoslav War Crime Trials, Hague, Netherlands, 1994 --- -Postcommunism --- World politics --- Communism --- Former Yugoslav republics --- Former Soviet republics --- Ex-Yugoslav republics --- Ex-Yugoslavia --- Former Yugoslavia --- Economic conditions. --- Politics and government. --- -Democratic consolidation --- Postcommunism
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In recent years, the world community has demonstrated a renewed commitment to the pursuit of international criminal justice. In 1993, the United Nations established two ad hoc international tribunals to try those responsible for genocide and crimes against humanity in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. Ten years later, the International Criminal Court began its operations and is developing prosecutions in its first two cases (Congo and Uganda). Meanwhile, national and hybrid war crimes tribunals have been established in Sierra Leone, Kosovo, Serbia and Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, East Timor, Indonesia, Iraq, and Cambodia.Thousands of people have given testimony before these courts. Most have witnessed war crimes, including mass killings, torture, rape, inhumane imprisonment, forced expulsion, and the destruction of homes and villages. For many, testifying in a war crimes trial requires great courage, especially as they are well aware that war criminals still walk the streets of their villages and towns. Yet despite these risks, little attention has been paid to the fate of witnesses of mass atrocity. Nor do we know much about their experiences testifying before an international tribunal or the effect of such testimony on their return to their postwar communities. The first study of victims and witnesses who have testified before an international war crimes tribunal, The Witnesses examines the opinions and attitudes of eighty-seven individuals-Bosnians, Muslims, Serbs, and Croats-who have appeared before the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.
253 Internationaal strafrecht --- 821.4 Internationale rechtspraak --- oorlogsmisdaden --- LAW --- Witnesses --- War crime trials --- Evidence, Criminal --- Yugoslav War, 1991-1995 --- International Law --- Law, Politics & Government --- International Law - General --- War in former Yugoslavia, 1991-1995 --- Yugoslav Conflict, 1991-1995 --- Yugoslav Wars of Secession, 1991-1995 --- Yugoslav War Crime Trials, Hague, Netherlands, 1994 --- -Criminal evidence --- Criminal investigation --- Criminal procedure --- Evidence (Law) --- Reasonable doubt --- Testimony --- Eyewitness identification --- Trials (War crimes) --- Trials (Crimes against humanity) --- Trials (Genocide) --- Trials --- Psychological aspects --- Atrocities --- Human Rights. --- Law.
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This paper uses a dynamic computable general equilibrium model (CGE) to analyze the macroeconomic and redistributive effects of replacing turnover and financial transaction taxes in Brazil by a consumption tax. In order to approximate Brazil's compliance with its fiscal adjustment targets, the proposed reform is subject to a non increasing path for the level of public debt. Despite an increase in the average consumption tax rate in the first years after the reform, a majority of individuals experienced an increase in their lifetime welfare. This result rejects the hypothesis that the on-going fiscal adjustment effort carried on by the Brazilian government was an obstacle to the implementation of a more efficient tax system.
Electronic books. -- local. --- Fiscal policy -- Brazil -- Econometric models. --- Taxation -- Brazil -- Econometric models. --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Taxation --- Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook: General --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Intergovernmental Relations --- Federalism --- Secession --- Fiscal Policy --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Public finance & taxation --- Fiscal consolidation --- Revenue administration --- Consumption taxes --- Public debt --- Consumption --- Fiscal policy --- Taxes --- National accounts --- Revenue --- Spendings tax --- Debts, Public --- Economics --- Brazil --- Econometric models.
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