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The body weight gain, and food and water intake of the rats were measured. During weeks 3 or 4, home cage behaviour, urinary cortiosterone/ creatinine ratios (CO/CR), and muscle strength on an inclined plane, were measured. Enzyme activities and glycogen content were measured in tissue samples from m. triceps brachii taken after euthanization at the end of the study. There were no significant differences between groups for food and water intake, but PH rats weighed 14% less than SI rats after 4 weeks, and PH rats also had a more diverse behavioural pattern than SI rats. PH rats had significantly higher oxidative capacity (28% more citrate synthase (CS)) and greater glycogen content (28%) in their muscle samples than SI rats. The PH rats performed significantly better on the inclined plane, both in the muscle strength test (mean angle 75 +/- 0.5degrees for PH rats and 69 +/- 0.4degrees for SI rats) and the endurance strength test (mean time 233 +/- 22 s for PH rats and 73 +/- 14 s for SI rats). There was a negative correlation between body weight and results on the inclined plane for the PH rats. There were no significant differences between housing types with respect to CO/CR ratios. In conclusion, the large pen represents an environment that stimulates physical activity and more varied behaviour, which should be beneficial for the welfare of the animal The cage systems commonly used for housing laboratory rats often result in sedentary and overweight animals, as a consequence of restricted opportunities for physical activity combined with ad libitum feeding. This can have implications both for animal well-being and for the experimental outcome. Physical activity has several known positive effects on health and lifespan, and physical fitness might therefore be incorporated into the animal welfare concept. The aim of this study was to investigate if and how pen housing affects the physical activity and fitness of rats. Thirty-two juvenile male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to two different housing systems for a 4-week period. Sixteen rats were kept individually in standard Makrolon type III cages (42 X 26 X 18 cm) furnished with black plastic tubes (singly-housed, SI). The remaining rats were kept in groups of eight, housed in large floor pens (150 X 210 cm), which were furnished with various objects to increase environmental complexity (pen-housed, PH).

Activity. --- Ad-libitum. --- Animal welfare. --- Animal-welfare. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Behaviour. --- Body weight. --- Body-weight. --- Cage. --- Cages. --- Corticosterone levels. --- Corticosterone. --- Cs. --- Depression. --- Endurance exercise. --- Endurance. --- Enrichment. --- Environment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Enzyme-activities. --- Feeding. --- Female rats. --- Fiber types. --- Floor. --- Food. --- Glycogen. --- Group. --- Health. --- Housing system. --- Housing type. --- Housing. --- Increase. --- Kept. --- Laboratory animals. --- Laboratory rat. --- Laboratory rats. --- Laboratory. --- Level. --- Male. --- Muscle enzyme activity. --- Object. --- Objects. --- Pattern. --- Pen. --- Performance. --- Ph. --- Physical activity. --- Physical-activity. --- Physical. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Resistance. --- Skeletal-muscle. --- Sprague-dawley rats. --- Sprague-dawley. --- Strength. --- System. --- Systems. --- Test. --- Time. --- Vascular adaptations. --- Weight gain. --- Weight. --- Welfare. --- Well-being.

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Methods of Group Exercise Instruction is the most comprehensive research-based book available for health and fitness professionals who want to learn how to lead effective group exercise classes. It describes the methodology required for setting up classes, how to create effective teaching progressions, and how to choreograph and program to music. More than 15 different class formats are covered, including high/low impact, step, kickboxing, indoor cycling, and water exercise. No other text goes into such detail or covers many of the unique class formats in this book, such as water exercise and cycling. (Bron: covertekst)

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