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L’imposition des familles actives apporte un éclairage sur la façon dont l’impôt sur le revenu et les cotisations de sécurité sociale affectent la répartition du revenu entre les différents types de famille dans les pays de l’OCDE. Certains avantages en espèces dont les familles bénéficient généralement – et qui sont considérés comme une imposition négative – sont aussi pris en compte. L’étude se concentre sur les effets de ces ponctions sur la répartition du revenu entre différents types de ménage de salariés, en examinant trois dimensions de l’inégalité : inégalité verticale entre les ménages ayant des niveaux de revenu différents, inégalité horizontale entre les ménages n’ayant pas tous le même nombre d’enfants, et traitement fiscal des ménages comptant un seul apporteur de revenu par rapport à ceux qui en comptent deux.
Working class families --- Income distribution --- Taxation --- Distribution of income --- Income inequality --- Inequality of income --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Disposable income --- Families
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Taxing Working Families provides insights into how income taxes and social security contributions affect the distribution of income between different types of families in OECD countries. Certain generally available cash benefits for families – regarded as negative taxes – are also taken into account. The study concentrates on the effects of these taxes on the distribution of income between different types of working households, looking at three dimensions of inequality: vertical inequality between households at different income levels, horizontal inequality between households with different numbers of children and the tax treatment of one-earner versus two-earner households.
Income distribution. --- Taxation. --- Working class families - Taxation. --- Working class families --- Distribution of income --- Income inequality --- Inequality of income --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Disposable income --- Families
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Revenu --- Inegalite sociale --- Repartition --- Income distribution --- Equality --- E-books --- Egalitarianism --- Inequality --- Social equality --- Social inequality --- Political science --- Sociology --- Democracy --- Liberty --- Distribution of income --- Income inequality --- Inequality of income --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Disposable income --- Revenu - Repartition - Amerique latine --- Revenu - Repartition - Caraibes (Region) --- Inegalite sociale - Amerique latine --- Inegalite sociale - Caraibes (Region)
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The distribution of incomes in South Africa in 2004, ten years after the transition to democracy, was probably more unequal than it had been under apartheid. In this book, Jeremy Seekings and Nicoli Nattrass explain why this is so, offering a detailed and comprehensive analysis of inequality in South Africa from the mid-twentieth century to the early twenty-first century. They show that the basis of inequality shifted in the last decades of the twentieth century from race to class. Formal deracialization of public policy did not reduce the actual disadvantages experienced by the poor nor the advantages of the rich. The fundamental continuity in patterns of advantage and disadvantage resulted from underlying continuities in public policy, or what Seekings and Nattrass call the "distributional regime." The post-apartheid distributional regime continues to divide South Africans into insiders and outsiders. The insiders, now increasingly multiracial, enjoy good access to well-paid, skilled jobs; the outsiders lack skills and employment.
Income distribution --- Apartheid --- Social classes --- Labor market --- Education and state --- Society. --- Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Economic aspects --- Distribution of income --- Income inequality --- Inequality of income --- Class distinction --- Classes, Social --- Rank --- Separate development (Race relations) --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Disposable income --- Caste --- Estates (Social orders) --- Social status --- Class consciousness --- Classism --- Social stratification --- Segregation --- Anti-apartheid movements --- Post-apartheid era --- E-books --- South Africa
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This paper examines the relationship between rent seeking and economic performance when governments cannot enforce property rights. With imperfect credit markets and a fixed cost of rent seeking, only wealthy agents choose to engage in it, since it enables them to protect their wealth from expropriation. Hence, the level of rent seeking and economic performance are determined by the initial distribution of income and wealth. When individuals also differ in their productivity, not all wealthy agents become rent seekers and the social costs of rent seeking are typically lower. In both cases, multiple equilibria with different levels of rent seeking and production are possible.
Electronic books. -- local. --- Income distribution -- Econometric models. --- Rent (Economic theory) -- Econometric models. --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Neoclassical Models of Trade --- International economics --- Income --- Income inequality --- Income distribution --- Consumption --- Comparative advantage --- Economics --- International trade --- China, People's Republic of --- Rent (Economic theory) --- Econometric models.
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The authors propose a modification to the conventional approach of decomposing income inequality by population sub-groups. Specifically, they propose a measure that evaluates observed between-group inequality against a benchmark of maximum between-group inequality that can be attained when the number and relative sizes of groups under examination are fixed. The authors argue that such a modification can provide a complementary perspective on the question of whether a particular population breakdown is salient to an assessment of inequality in a country. As their measure normalizes between-group inequality by the number and relative sizes of groups, it is also less subject to problems of comparability across different settings. The authors show that for a large set of countries their assessment of the importance of group differences typically increases substantially on the basis of this approach. The ranking of countries (or different population groups) can also differ from that obtained using traditional decomposition methods. Finally, they observe an interesting pattern of higher levels of overall inequality in countries where their measure finds higher between-group contributions.
Between-Group Inequality --- Differences In Income --- Economic Inequality --- Economic Policy --- Equity and Development --- Group Inequality --- Group Means --- Income --- Income Differences --- Income Distribution --- Income Inequality --- Incomes --- Inequality --- Inequality Aversion --- Inequality Decomposition --- Inequality Measurement --- Mean Differences --- Mean Income --- Mean Incomes --- Measurement Error --- Policy Research --- Population Sub-Groups --- Poverty Impact Evaluation --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Services and Transfers to Poor
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La edición en Internet del Boletín del FMI, que se actualiza varias veces a la semana, contiene numerosos artículos sobre temas de actualidad en el ámbito de las políticas y la economía. Consulte las últimas investigaciones del FMI, lea entrevistas y escuche podcasts de los principales economistas del FMI sobre importantes temas relacionados con la economía mundial. www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/home.aspx.
Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Climate --- Commercial policy --- Deflation --- Exports and Imports --- Finance --- Fiscal Policy --- Fiscal policy --- Global Warming --- Income distribution --- Income economics --- Income inequality --- Industries: Financial Services --- Inflation --- International economics --- International Trade Organizations --- International trade --- Labour --- Macroeconomics --- Natural Disasters and Their Management --- Natural Disasters --- Natural disasters --- Price Level --- Public finance & taxation --- Public Finance --- Trade liberalization --- Trade Policy --- Ireland
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The authors propose a modification to the conventional approach of decomposing income inequality by population sub-groups. Specifically, they propose a measure that evaluates observed between-group inequality against a benchmark of maximum between-group inequality that can be attained when the number and relative sizes of groups under examination are fixed. The authors argue that such a modification can provide a complementary perspective on the question of whether a particular population breakdown is salient to an assessment of inequality in a country. As their measure normalizes between-group inequality by the number and relative sizes of groups, it is also less subject to problems of comparability across different settings. The authors show that for a large set of countries their assessment of the importance of group differences typically increases substantially on the basis of this approach. The ranking of countries (or different population groups) can also differ from that obtained using traditional decomposition methods. Finally, they observe an interesting pattern of higher levels of overall inequality in countries where their measure finds higher between-group contributions.
Between-Group Inequality --- Differences In Income --- Economic Inequality --- Economic Policy --- Equity and Development --- Group Inequality --- Group Means --- Income --- Income Differences --- Income Distribution --- Income Inequality --- Incomes --- Inequality --- Inequality Aversion --- Inequality Decomposition --- Inequality Measurement --- Mean Differences --- Mean Income --- Mean Incomes --- Measurement Error --- Policy Research --- Population Sub-Groups --- Poverty Impact Evaluation --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Services and Transfers to Poor
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Understanding the distribution of income and wealth in an economy has been a classic problem in economics for the last hundred years. Apart from the rapidly decaying number density of people with their income crossing over to a robust power law for the very rich, known as the Pareto power-law, after Vilfredo Pareto. With the availability of accurate data from finance/income-tax departments of various countries, several robust features of the income distribution have been established. This field had been dormant for more than a decade, although accurate data had been accumulated over this period. The recent enthusiasm comes mainly from the physicists modelling of markets in analogy with physical systems like gases etc. This is the first book reporting exhaustively on these developments over the last decade by leaders in the field The book will report on the major models developed mainly by the (econo-) physicists over the last decade. Almost all the major physicists and economists involved in these studies will review their latest work and the associated developments.
Income distribution --- Finance --- Statistical physics --- Mathematical models --- Distribution of income --- Income inequality --- Inequality of income --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Disposable income --- Economics. --- Statistical physics. --- Economics, general. --- Complex Systems. --- Statistical Physics and Dynamical Systems. --- Physics --- Mathematical statistics --- Economic theory --- Political economy --- Social sciences --- Economic man --- Statistical methods --- Management science. --- Dynamical systems. --- Dynamical systems --- Kinetics --- Mathematics --- Mechanics, Analytic --- Force and energy --- Mechanics --- Statics --- Quantitative business analysis --- Management --- Problem solving --- Operations research --- Statistical decision
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This book, first published in 2005, builds on institutionalist theory in both economics and political science to offer a general political economy framework for the study of welfare capitalism. Based on the key idea that social protection in a modern economy, both inside and outside the state, can be understood as protection of specific investments in human capital, the book offers a systematic explanation of popular preferences for redistributive spending, the economic role of political parties and electoral systems, and labor market stratification (including gender inequality). Contrary to the popular idea that competition in the global economy undermines international differences in the level of social protection, the book argues that these differences are made possible by a high international division of labor. Such a division is what allows firms to specialize in production that requires an abundant supply of workers with specific skills, and hence high demand for protection.
Welfare economics --- Human capital --- Income distribution --- Social choice --- 330.126 --- Income distribution. --- Choice, Social --- Collective choice --- Public choice --- Choice (Psychology) --- Social psychology --- Distribution of income --- Income inequality --- Inequality of income --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Disposable income --- Human assets --- Human beings --- Human resources --- Capital --- Labor supply --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Social policy --- Economic value --- Human capital. --- Social choice. --- Welfare economics. --- Labour market --- Economic policy and planning (general) --- Social security law --- Social Sciences --- Political Science
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