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Taxing Working Families provides insights into how income taxes and social security contributions affect the distribution of income between different types of families in OECD countries. Certain generally available cash benefits for families – regarded as negative taxes – are also taken into account. The study concentrates on the effects of these taxes on the distribution of income between different types of working households, looking at three dimensions of inequality: vertical inequality between households at different income levels, horizontal inequality between households with different numbers of children and the tax treatment of one-earner versus two-earner households.

Income distribution. --- Taxation. --- Working class families - Taxation. --- Working class families --- Distribution of income --- Income inequality --- Inequality of income --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Disposable income --- Families

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The distribution of incomes in South Africa in 2004, ten years after the transition to democracy, was probably more unequal than it had been under apartheid. In this book, Jeremy Seekings and Nicoli Nattrass explain why this is so, offering a detailed and comprehensive analysis of inequality in South Africa from the mid-twentieth century to the early twenty-first century. They show that the basis of inequality shifted in the last decades of the twentieth century from race to class. Formal deracialization of public policy did not reduce the actual disadvantages experienced by the poor nor the advantages of the rich. The fundamental continuity in patterns of advantage and disadvantage resulted from underlying continuities in public policy, or what Seekings and Nattrass call the "distributional regime." The post-apartheid distributional regime continues to divide South Africans into insiders and outsiders. The insiders, now increasingly multiracial, enjoy good access to well-paid, skilled jobs; the outsiders lack skills and employment.

Income distribution --- Apartheid --- Social classes --- Labor market --- Education and state --- Society. --- Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Economic aspects --- Distribution of income --- Income inequality --- Inequality of income --- Class distinction --- Classes, Social --- Rank --- Separate development (Race relations) --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Disposable income --- Caste --- Estates (Social orders) --- Social status --- Class consciousness --- Classism --- Social stratification --- Segregation --- Anti-apartheid movements --- Post-apartheid era --- E-books --- South Africa

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The authors propose a modification to the conventional approach of decomposing income inequality by population sub-groups. Specifically, they propose a measure that evaluates observed between-group inequality against a benchmark of maximum between-group inequality that can be attained when the number and relative sizes of groups under examination are fixed. The authors argue that such a modification can provide a complementary perspective on the question of whether a particular population breakdown is salient to an assessment of inequality in a country. As their measure normalizes between-group inequality by the number and relative sizes of groups, it is also less subject to problems of comparability across different settings. The authors show that for a large set of countries their assessment of the importance of group differences typically increases substantially on the basis of this approach. The ranking of countries (or different population groups) can also differ from that obtained using traditional decomposition methods. Finally, they observe an interesting pattern of higher levels of overall inequality in countries where their measure finds higher between-group contributions.

Between-Group Inequality --- Differences In Income --- Economic Inequality --- Economic Policy --- Equity and Development --- Group Inequality --- Group Means --- Income --- Income Differences --- Income Distribution --- Income Inequality --- Incomes --- Inequality --- Inequality Aversion --- Inequality Decomposition --- Inequality Measurement --- Mean Differences --- Mean Income --- Mean Incomes --- Measurement Error --- Policy Research --- Population Sub-Groups --- Poverty Impact Evaluation --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Services and Transfers to Poor

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The authors propose a modification to the conventional approach of decomposing income inequality by population sub-groups. Specifically, they propose a measure that evaluates observed between-group inequality against a benchmark of maximum between-group inequality that can be attained when the number and relative sizes of groups under examination are fixed. The authors argue that such a modification can provide a complementary perspective on the question of whether a particular population breakdown is salient to an assessment of inequality in a country. As their measure normalizes between-group inequality by the number and relative sizes of groups, it is also less subject to problems of comparability across different settings. The authors show that for a large set of countries their assessment of the importance of group differences typically increases substantially on the basis of this approach. The ranking of countries (or different population groups) can also differ from that obtained using traditional decomposition methods. Finally, they observe an interesting pattern of higher levels of overall inequality in countries where their measure finds higher between-group contributions.

Between-Group Inequality --- Differences In Income --- Economic Inequality --- Economic Policy --- Equity and Development --- Group Inequality --- Group Means --- Income --- Income Differences --- Income Distribution --- Income Inequality --- Incomes --- Inequality --- Inequality Aversion --- Inequality Decomposition --- Inequality Measurement --- Mean Differences --- Mean Income --- Mean Incomes --- Measurement Error --- Policy Research --- Population Sub-Groups --- Poverty Impact Evaluation --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Services and Transfers to Poor

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This book, first published in 2005, builds on institutionalist theory in both economics and political science to offer a general political economy framework for the study of welfare capitalism. Based on the key idea that social protection in a modern economy, both inside and outside the state, can be understood as protection of specific investments in human capital, the book offers a systematic explanation of popular preferences for redistributive spending, the economic role of political parties and electoral systems, and labor market stratification (including gender inequality). Contrary to the popular idea that competition in the global economy undermines international differences in the level of social protection, the book argues that these differences are made possible by a high international division of labor. Such a division is what allows firms to specialize in production that requires an abundant supply of workers with specific skills, and hence high demand for protection.

Welfare economics --- Human capital --- Income distribution --- Social choice --- 330.126 --- Income distribution. --- Choice, Social --- Collective choice --- Public choice --- Choice (Psychology) --- Social psychology --- Distribution of income --- Income inequality --- Inequality of income --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Disposable income --- Human assets --- Human beings --- Human resources --- Capital --- Labor supply --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Social policy --- Economic value --- Human capital. --- Social choice. --- Welfare economics. --- Labour market --- Economic policy and planning (general) --- Social security law --- Social Sciences --- Political Science