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MUSCLE SPASTICITY --- THERAPY --- MUSCLE SPASTICITY --- THERAPY
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Adipose tissue is currently known to secrete a large number of factors with diverse functions. These factors include proteins, termed adipocytokines, that act in an autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine fashion to control various metabolic functions.
Among those adipocytokines, we focused on Adiponectin (ApN). ApN is a secreted serum protein expressed exclusively in differentiated adipocytes under normal conditions. This adipocytokine plays fundamental role in energy homeostasis and in counteracting inflammation.
We examined whether ApN could be induced on a non-adipose tissue, the skeletal muscle, in vivo and in cultured myotubes in response to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or pro-inflammatory cytokines. In vivo, injections of LPS to mice caused, after 24h, a ~ 10 fold rise in ApN mRNA abundance and a concomitant 70% increase in ApN levels in muscle tibialis anterior. This ApN induction was reproduced in C2C12 myotubes cultured for 48h with a pro-inflammatory cytokine combination, IFNγ + TNFα. This effect occurred in a time- and dose-dependant manner. Furthermore, ApN mRNA induction by cytokines was reproduced in cultured human myotubes.
We next explored the underlying mechanisms of ApN induction. Several pieces of evidence suggest that NO mediates this upregulation by cytokines in myotubes or muscle. First, ApN was induced in vitro exclusively in the experimental condition that stimulated NO production. Second, iNOS mRNA induction or NO production clearly preceded ApN mRNA induction. Third, preventing NO production by inhibitors of the NO-synthases, L-NAME or L_NMMA, suppressed the inductive effect of the cyctokine in vitro and in vivo.
In conclusion, we provide evidence that adiponectin is upregulated in vivo and in vitro in human and rodent myotubes in response to inflammatory stimuli. The underlying mechanisms seem to involve a NO-dependant pathway. This overexpression may be viewed as a local anti-inflammatory protection an a way to deliver extra energy supplies during inflammation. Le tissu adipeux synthétise et sécrète un grand nombre de facteurs globalement appelés adipocytokines. Parmi ces adipocytokines, nous nous sommes tout particulièrement intéressés à l’adiponectine (ApN). L’ApN, sécrétée quasi exclusivement par l’adipocyte en conditions normales, joue un rôle fondamental dans l’homéostasie énergétique et anti-inflammatoire.
Nous avons examiné l’induction de l’ApN en réponse au LPS et aux cytokines pro-inflammatoires dans une cellule non-adipeuse, à savoir la cellule musculaire. Notre étude a porté sur le muscle squelettique in vivo et sur des myotubes en culture in vitro. In vivo, l’injection de LPS chez la souris augmente de ~ 10 fois l’expression des ARNm ApN et provoque une élévation concomitante de 70% des taux protéiques d’ApN dans le muscle tibialis anterior. On retrouve également une induction d’ApN, in vitro, dans des myotubes murins (lignée C[2]C[12]) et humains, mis en culture pendant 48 heures avec une compbinaison de cytokines IFNγ + TNFα. Cet effet apparaît de manière temps- et dose-dépendante.
Nous avons également étudié les mécanismses responsables de l’induction d’ApN. Nous émettons l’hypothèse que l’induction d’ApN par les cyctokines dans les myotubes ou dans le muscle se ferait par l’intermédiaire de l’oxyde nitrique (NO) pour diverses raisons. Premièrement, l’ApN est induit in vitro exclusivement dans les conditions expérimentales qui stimulent la production de NO. Deuxièmement, l’induction des ARNm-i-NOS (in vitro) ou la production de NO (in vivo) précède l’induction des ARNm ApN. Troisièmement, les inhibiteurs des NO-synthases (L-NAME, L-NMMA) suppriment l’effet inductif du mélange de cytokines IFNγ + TNFα ou du LPS sur la production de NO, in vitro et in vivo.
En conclusion, nous avons mis en évidence , in vivo et in vitro, l’induction d’ApN dans le muscle squelettique ainsi que dans des myotubes murins et humains en réponse à un stimulus pro-inflammatoire. Le NO semble être le médiateur de cet effet. La surexpression d’ApN dans le muscle pourrait être un mécanisme protecteur contre une réaction inflammatoire locale excessive et pourrait couvrir l’augmentation des besoins énergétiques qui s’en suit
Adiponectin --- Muscle, Skeletal --- Cytokines
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Muscles --- Muscle, Striated --- Musculoskeletal System --- Muscle, Skeletal --- Anatomy --- Tissues
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612:796 --- 612:796 Fysiologie van de sport --- Fysiologie van de sport --- Muscles --- Muscle, Striated --- Musculoskeletal System --- Muscle, Skeletal --- Anatomy --- Tissues --- Tissue --- Anatomies --- Anterior Tibial Muscle --- Gastrocnemius Muscle --- Muscle, Voluntary --- Plantaris Muscle --- Skeletal Muscle --- Soleus Muscle --- Muscle, Anterior Tibial --- Muscle, Gastrocnemius --- Muscle, Plantaris --- Muscle, Soleus --- Muscles, Skeletal --- Muscles, Voluntary --- Skeletal Muscles --- Tibial Muscle, Anterior --- Voluntary Muscle --- Voluntary Muscles --- Skeletal Muscle Enlargement --- Musculoskeletal Systems --- System, Musculoskeletal --- Systems, Musculoskeletal --- Musculoskeletal Development --- Striated Muscle --- Muscles, Striated --- Striated Muscles --- Muscle Tissue --- Muscle --- Muscle Tissues --- Tissue, Muscle --- Tissues, Muscle
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Muscle, Skeletal --- Muscle Contraction --- Fatty Acids --- Insulin --- Palmitates --- Myocardium --- metabolism --- physiology --- metabolism --- pharmacology --- pharmacology --- metabolism
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Gene Expression Regulation --- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular --- Cytoskeletal Proteins --- Muscle Proteins --- Promoter Regions, Genetic --- metabolism --- genetics --- genetics
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Muscle, Skeletal --- Lysosomes --- Glycogen Storage Disease Type II --- Muscle Contraction --- physiopathology --- metabolism --- physiopathology --- physiology
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Muscle strength. --- Personal trainers. --- Physical education and training. --- Physical fitness --- Physiological aspects.
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