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Decision making in environmental projects is typically a complex and confusing process characterized by trade-offs between socio-political, environmental, and economic impacts. Comparative Risk Assessment (CRA) is a methodology applied to facilitate decision making when various activities compete for limited resources. CRA has become an increasingly accepted research tool and has helped to characterize environmental profiles and priorities on the regional and national level. CRA may be considered as part of the more general but as yet quite academic field of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). Considerable research in the area of MCDA has made available methods for applying scientific decision theoretical approaches to multi-criteria problems, but its applications, especially in environmental areas, are still limited. The papers show that the use of comparative risk assessment can provide the scientific basis for environmentally sound and cost-efficient policies, strategies, and solutions to our environmental challenges.

Environmental risk assessment --- Environmental management --- Évaluation du risque --- Évaluation du risque --- EPUB-LIV-FT LIVECOLO SPRINGER-B --- Environmental management. --- Environmental stewardship --- Stewardship, Environmental --- Environnement --- Congresses. --- Decision making --- Congrès --- Gestion --- Prise de décision

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International business enterprises --- Industrial management --- Environmental management. --- Management --- Environmental aspects. --- Environmental aspects --- International cooperation. --- Environmental stewardship --- Stewardship, Environmental --- Business administration --- Business enterprises --- Business management --- Corporate management --- Corporations --- Industrial administration --- Management, Industrial --- Rationalization of industry --- Scientific management --- Business enterprises, International --- Corporations, International --- Global corporations --- International corporations --- MNEs (International business enterprises) --- Multinational corporations --- Multinational enterprises --- Transnational corporations --- Environmental sciences --- Business --- Industrial organization --- Joint ventures

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1. 5 REFERENCES 127 7 DIGITAL TERRAIN 129 1. 1 INTRODUCTION 129 1. 2 DRAINAGE NETWORK 130 1. 3 DEFINITION OF CHANNEL NETWORKS 135 1. 4 RESOLUTION DEPENDENT EFFECTS 138 1. 5 CONSTRAINING DRAINAGE DIRECTION 141 1. 6 SUMMARY 145 1. 7 REFERENCES 146 8 PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENT 149 1. 1 INTRODUCTION 149 1. 2 RAIN GAUGE ESTIMATION OF RAINFALL 151 ADAR STIMATION OF RECIPITATION 1. 3 R E P 155 1. 4 WSR-88D RADAR CHARACTERISTICS 167 1. 5 INPUT FOR HYDROLOGIC MODELING 172 1. 6 SUMMARY 174 1. 7 REFERENCES 175 9 FINITE ELEMENT MODELING 177 1. 1 INTRODUCTION 177 1. 2 MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION 182 1. 3 SUMMARY 194 1. 4 REFERENCES 195 10 DISTRIBUTED MODEL CALIBRATION 197 1. 1 INTRODUCTION 197 1. 2 CALIBRATION APPROACH 199 1. 3 DISTRIBUTED MODEL CALIBRATION 201 1. 4 AUTOMATIC CALIBRATION 208 1. 5 SUMMARY 214 1. 6 REFERENCES 214 11 DISTRIBUTED HYDROLOGIC MODELING 217 1. 1 INTRODUCTION 218 1. 2 CASE STUDIES 218 1. 3 SUMMARY 236 1. 4 REFERENCES 237 12 HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS AND PREDICTION 239 1. 1 INTRODUCTION 239 x Distributed Hydrologic Modeling Using GIS 1. 2 VFLO™ EDITIONS 241 1. 3 VFLO™ FEATURES AND MODULES 242 1. 4 MODEL FEATURE SUMMARY 245 1. 5 VFLO™ REAL-TIME 256 1. 6 DATA REQUIREMENTS 258 1. 7 RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER MODELS 259 1. 8 SUMMARY 260 1.

Hydrologic models. --- Geographic information systems. --- Hydrology --- Electronic data processing --- Data processing. --- Distributed processing. --- Hydraulic engineering. --- Environmental management. --- Waste disposal. --- Hydrogeology. --- Environmental Management. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Waste Management/Waste Technology. --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Waste management. --- Atmospheric sciences --- Earth sciences --- Atmosphere --- Environmental stewardship --- Stewardship, Environmental --- Environmental sciences --- Management --- Geohydrology --- Geology --- Groundwater

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Climatic Change is a rapidly evolving domain that has prompted the publication of numerous scientific works in recent years, reflecting both the public and scientific interest in the topic. This book focuses upon climate processes, variability and change and applies the general principles related to these issues, particularly in Switzerland. Although a small country, Switzerland is characterized by complex topography where climatic processes are often enhanced due to the presence of the Alps. In addition, there is a remarkable density of observational data in both the natural and social sciences that enable a comprehensive assessment of climate processes, their long-term trends and their impacts. This book draws upon recent scientific work by the author, as well as by close colleagues working within scientific networks both in Switzerland and Europe, in order to provide the reader with up-to-date information on climate processes in the course of the 20th and 21st centuries. This book is intended for students from the undergraduate level onwards and researchers interested in climate issues specific to the alpine region.

Climatic changes --- Climatic changes. --- Hydraulic engineering. --- Environmental toxicology. --- Environmental management. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Hydrogeology. --- Ecotoxicology. --- Environmental Management. --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Environmental stewardship --- Stewardship, Environmental --- Environmental sciences --- Management --- Ecotoxicology --- Pollutants --- Pollution --- Environmental health --- Toxicology --- Geohydrology --- Geology --- Hydrology --- Groundwater --- Atmospheric sciences --- Earth sciences --- Atmosphere --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Environmental aspects

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Freshwater is the most precious and valuable natural resource essential for all kind of life on the land surface. Especially man depend on the availability and quality of the water, it is vital for the socio-economic growth of societies and nations as well as for the sustainability of the environment. Freshwater resources are not distrib­ uted in an equal way over the continents. Regions with surplus facing areas with shortage or even lack of water. From their nature arid and semi-arid areas are char­ acterized by scarcity of water with all the affiliated unfavourable attributes. In the Middle East this lack of sufficient water coupled with the high growth rates of pop­ ulation constitutes serious water problems which has become e real political issue. The German-Arabic Society for Environmental Studies, Frankfurt, in co-opera­ tion with the Centre for Environmental Studies at the University Frankfurt has raised up this problems for a scientific discussion. With the Symposium on "Water of the Middle East and North Africa: Resources, Protection and Management" in Frankfurt on November 25 and 26, 2002 a platform was created, which enabled participants - scientists and politicians - from twelve countries to discuss the water problems facing the region. It was the intension of the organisers to deepen the knowledge about the hydrologic regimes, to increase our understanding of the complex integrated processes and to draw the necessary conclusions with regard to an integrated sustainable water management.

Water-supply --- Water resources development --- Management --- Hydrogeology. --- Environmental management. --- Geoecology. --- Environmental geology. --- Water pollution. --- Environmental economics. --- Environmental Management. --- Geoecology/Natural Processes. --- Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution. --- Environmental Economics. --- Economics --- Environmental quality --- Aquatic pollution --- Fresh water --- Fresh water pollution --- Freshwater pollution --- Inland water pollution --- Lake pollution --- Lakes --- Reservoirs --- River pollution --- Rivers --- Stream pollution --- Water contamination --- Water pollutants --- Water pollution --- Pollution --- Waste disposal in rivers, lakes, etc. --- Geoecology --- Environmental protection --- Physical geology --- Environmental stewardship --- Stewardship, Environmental --- Environmental sciences --- Geohydrology --- Geology --- Hydrology --- Groundwater --- Environmental aspects --- Economic aspects --- Management.