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Reproductive consequences of male spacing patterns have received relatively little attention in nonterritorial mammals, in particular in group-living species, where most studies have focused on the relation between social rank and reproductive success. We investigated the effects of spacing pattern on male reproductive success within a social, nonterritorial, promiscuous population of stray cats, Felis catus. Male home ranges overlapped home ranges of many females, consistent with a promiscuous mating system. Furthermore, males with the largest home ranges included the most female home ranges; they successfully reproduced with these females and had the highest reproductive success. Home range size predicted male reproductive success even when controlling for the effect of social rank. However, males also reproduced with females whose home range did not overlap their home range, suggesting that males can make quick excursions outside their home range to find new mating opportunities. We conclude that, in group-living situations, a male's ability to maintain a large home range may be one of the principal causes of variation in mating success in the stray cat.

Ability. --- Attention. --- Cat. --- Cats. --- Consequences. --- Female. --- Females. --- Group. --- Home range. --- Male. --- Males. --- Mammals. --- Mating system. --- Mating. --- Pattern. --- Patterns. --- Population. --- Rank. --- Reproductive success. --- Situations. --- Size. --- Social. --- Success. --- System. --- Variation.

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Innocent graphically documents forty-two recent criminal cases to find evidence of shocking miscarriages of justice, especially in murder cases. Based upon interviews with more than 200 people and reviews of hundreds internal case files, court records, smoking-gun memoranda, and other documents, Scott Christianson gets inside the legal cases, revealing the mistakes, abuses, and underlying factors that led to miscarriages of justice, while also describing how determined prisoners, post-conviction attorneys, advocates, and journalists struggle against tremendous odds to try to win their exonerations.The result is a powerful work that recounts the human costs of a criminal justice system gone awry, and shows us how wrongful convictions can—and do—happen everywhere.

Prosecutorial misconduct --- Criminal justice, Administration of --- Judicial error --- Conviction of the innocent --- Convictions, Erroneous --- Convictions, Mistaken --- Convictions, Wrongful --- Criminal justice, Errors of --- Erroneous convictions --- Errors of criminal justice --- Innocent, Conviction of the --- Justice, Miscarriage of --- Miscarriage of justice --- Mistaken convictions --- Wrongful convictions --- Justice, Administration of --- Trials --- Misconduct, Prosecutorial --- Legal ethics --- blameless. --- blaming. --- consequences. --- journalist. --- prominent. --- reveals.

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Due to their aggressive nature, male mice are less frequently used than female mice in biomedical research. When aggressive males are being used, individual housing is common practice. The question arises whether this is an acceptable housing for a social species. The present study was designed to gain more insight into the nature of inter-male social contact and into the potential of a form of environmental enrichment (nesting material) to compensate for the lack of social contact. In a series of tests, we analysed whether male mice of different ages preferred to spend time (1) near a familiar cage mate versus an empty cage, or (2) near to a familiar cage mate versus direct contact with nesting material (tissues). Dwelling time in each of the test cages and sleeping sites was recorded, as was the behaviour of the test mice. Results indicated that when other conditions were similar, male mice preferred to sleep in close proximity to their familiar cage mate. Furthermore, the need to engage in active social behaviour increased with age. Tissues were used to a large extent for sleeping and sleep-related behaviour. it is concluded that single housing in order to avoid aggression between male mice is a solution with evident negative consequences for the animals. When individual housing is inevitable due to excessive aggressive behaviour, the presence of nesting material could partly compensate for the deprivation of social contact

Age. --- Aggression. --- Aggressive-behavior. --- Aggressive. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Behaviour. --- Biomedical research. --- Biomedical. --- Cage. --- Cages. --- Consequences. --- Contact. --- Decreases. --- Deprivation. --- Different ages. --- Enrichment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Female mice. --- Female. --- Housing conditions. --- Housing. --- Individual housing. --- Laboratory mice. --- Laboratory. --- Male laboratory mice. --- Male mice. --- Male-mice. --- Male. --- Males. --- Mice. --- Modulation. --- Motivation. --- Mouse. --- Mus-musculus l. --- Need. --- Nesting material. --- Preference. --- Proximity. --- Rats. --- Research. --- Sleep. --- Social behaviour. --- Social contact. --- Social. --- Test. --- Tests. --- Time.

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Enhancing the complexity of the environments of captive animals is often referred to as environmental enrichment and aims to have positive effects on the animals' well-being. Such enrichments may have consequences both for so-called 'normal' behaviour and for the pathophysiology of the animals in question. The effects of a lack of environmental complexity, including social isolation, on home cage behaviour and on pathophysiology in rats is considered in this review. Several preference tests on rats - choice tests and operant tests - indicate a preference for bedding, nesting material and social contact. Contradictory research results concerning the need for gnawing objects per se are more difficult to interpret and it is argued that excessive gnawing may be indicative of primary frustration and hence reduced welfare. One disadvantage of providing environmental enrichment to laboratory animals is a possible increase in subject variability, resulting in the need to use a greater number of test animals. However, this increased variability seems to be inconsistent and is not very well documented It is argued that in cases where the behavioural benefits of environmental enrichment justify the use of more animals, better welfare should be more highly valued than a reduction in the number of animals used

Animal welfare. --- Animal-welfare. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Assessment. --- Bank voles. --- Bedding. --- Behaviour. --- Cage enrichment. --- Cage. --- Choice test. --- Choice. --- Consequences. --- Contact. --- Demand-functions. --- Enrichment. --- Environment. --- Environmental complexity. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Environments. --- Frustration. --- Housing conditions. --- Housing. --- Increase. --- Increased variability. --- Isolation. --- Laboratory animals. --- Laboratory-animals. --- Laboratory. --- Mice. --- Need. --- Nest-boxes. --- Nesting material. --- Number of animals. --- Object. --- Objects. --- Old. --- Operant. --- Pathophysiology. --- Preference test. --- Preference tests. --- Preference. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Reduction. --- Research. --- Review. --- Risk assessment. --- Risk. --- Rodent. --- Rodents. --- Social contact. --- Social isolation. --- Social-isolation. --- Social. --- Test. --- Tests. --- Time. --- Variability. --- Welfare implications. --- Welfare. --- Well-being. --- Wistar rats.