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Introduction. Le tractus respiratoire constitue la cible privilégiée des polluants atmosphériques. Plusieurs études récentes suggèrent une morbité et une mortalité cardiovasculaire accrues parmi les personnes âgées présentant une affection cardiaque ou pulmonaire exposées à la pollution. Dans le cadre de ce projet, nous avons testé l’hypothèse qu’une exposition aigüe aux fumées de combustion de diesel (FCD) entraîne des effets délétères extra-pulmonaires (activation de la coagulation, inflammation systémique et lésions endothéliales) pouvant rendant compte de ces observations.
Sujets et méthodes. Quinze sujets âgés sains, 15 sujets âgés présentant une bronchite chronique obstructive et 29 sujets asthmatiques (15 ayant un asthme léger et 14 un asthme modéré) ont p^ris part à l’étude. Les sujets sains ainsi que les bronchiteux chroniques ont été exposés pendant une heure à une concentration déterminée de FCD (PM = 300 ùg/m³) ou à de l’air filtré. Pour les sujets asthmatiques, la concentration en particules était de 100 µg/m³ et la durée d’exposition de 2 heures. Les concentrations plasmatiques des marqueurs d’inflammation (protéine C-réactive, fibrinogène), d’hypercoagulabilité (D-dimères, fragment 1+2 de la prothrombine) et de la fonction endothéliale (activité du facteur de von Willebrand) ont été mesurées à trois temps différents, avant et après exposition. La protéine des cellules de Clara (CC16), un marqueur sensible de l’intégrité de la barrière épithéliale pulmonaire, a été mesurée chez les BPCO et les sujets sains.
Résultats. Les concentrations de base de chaque paramètre étaient normales. Aucune modification significative n’a été observée suite à l’exposition aux FCD par comparaison à celle de l’air au sein de chacun des quatre groupes.
Conclusions Ces résultats ne plaident pas en faveur de l’hypothèse qu’une exposition aigüe aux FCD à des concentrations rencontrées dans l’environnement entraîne une inflammation systémique, une hyper-coagulation sanguine ou des lésions endothéliales chez les sujets à risque telle que les personnes âgées, les sujets bronchiteux et les asthmatiques. D’autres études impliquant des sujets plus sensibles présentant une affection cardiaque, exposés plus longtemps et à d’autres polluants seront nécessaires pour confirmer ces résultats Background. The respiratory tract is regarded as the main target pf air pollutants. Several studies have however shown that exposure to ambient air pollution especially particulate air pollution is associated with increased cardiovascular morbity and mortality, mainly in elderly individuals with pre-existing chronic heart or lung diseases. The mechanisms linking cardiovascular diseases and particulate air pollution remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we have tested the hypothesis that acute exposure to diesel exhaust might result in extra-pulmonary adverse effects including activation of blood coagulation, systemic inflammation and endothelial damage which might account for the cardiovascular morbity of air pollution.
Subjects and methods. The study involved 15 elderly healthy subjects, 15 elderly subjects with COPD and 29 young asthmatics (15 with mild and 15 with moderate asthma). Healthy and COPD subjects were exposed on two separate occasions either to diesel exhaust at a PM concentration of 300 µg/m³ or filtered air for one hour. For asthmatic the PM concentration was 100ùg/m³ and the duration of exposure two hours. Plasma levels of markers of inflammation (ultra-sensitive CRP, fibrinogen), (von Willebrand factor activity) were determined at three time-points: before as well as after exposure. The 16 kDA Clara cell protein, a sensitive marker of the Lung epithelial barrier, was also measured in healthy and COPD subjects.
Findings. The baseline of all parameters were within normal ranges and did not change significantly after diesel exhaust compared to filtered air exposure n any of the four groups.Conclusions. These findings do not support the hypothesis that short-term exposure to diesel exhaust at environmentally relevant levels induces systemic inflammation, endothelial damage or blood hyper-coagulability in susceptible individuals i.e. elderly, COPD and asthmatics as estimated by the assay in blood of sensitive bio-markers. Whether observations are applicable are to more susceptible groups of patients with cardiovascular diseases exposed for longer duration and other pollutants remains to be clarified

Air Pollution --- Blood Coagulation

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"Indoor air pollution (IAP) from cooking and heating is estimated to kill a million children annually in developing countries. To promote a better understanding of IAP, the authors investigate the determinants of IAP in Bangladesh using the latest air monitoring technology and a national household survey. The study concludes that IAP is dangerously high for many poor families in Bangladesh. Concentrations of respirable airborne particulates(PM10) 300 ug/m3 or greater are common in the sample, implying widespread exposure to a serious health hazard. Poor households in Bangladesh depend heavily on wood, dung, and other biomass fuels. The econometric results indicate that fuel choice significantly affects indoor pollution levels: Natural gas and kerosene are significantly cleaner than biomass fuels. However, household-specific factors apparently matter more than fuel choice in determining PM10 concentrations. In some biomass-burning households, concentrations are scarcely higher than in households that use natural gas. The results suggest that cross-household variation is strongly affected by structural arrangements cooking locations, construction materials, and ventilation practices. The authors' analysis also suggests that poor families may not have to wait for clean fuels or clean stoves to enjoy significantly cleaner air. Within their sample household population, some arrangements are already producing relatively clean conditions, even when "dirty" biomass fuels are used. Since these arrangements are already within the means of poor families, the scope for cost-effective improvements may be larger than is commonly believed. This paper--a product of the Infrastructure and Environment Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to identify appropriate policies for the improvement of environmental quality"--World Bank web site.

Indoor air pollution --- Poor --- Ventilation

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air pollution --- air pollution --- Smell --- Smell --- pollution control --- pollution control --- Piggeries --- Piggeries

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This book is about a few hundredths of a percent of the air we breathe - for that is the total extent of what we call air pollution. Even so, the effects on people and nature are very tangible: the climate is changing, rare species of animals and plants are under threat, lakes are becoming acidified, buildings are eroding, and so on. The nature of these air pollutants, where they come from, what effects they have, and what can and is being done to tackle the problems, are described and discussed in depth, as well as the fact that it is actually profitable to reduce emissions. Much space is given to highlighting the important but often overlooked links that exist between problems that are usually considered individually, both with regard to their effects and their causes and remedies. (Bron: covertekst)

Air pollution. Air purification --- Environmental Sciences and Forestry. Environmental Management --- Environmental Pollution --- Air Pollution --- Luchtvervuiling --- 614.623 --- 041484.jpg --- Luchtverontreiniging --- Air Pollution.

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This guide provides a comprehensive account of indoor air quality hazards, their sources, and appropriate solutions. Written in easy-to-understand, non-technical terms, it is designed to be used as both a ready reference and a training guide for facility managers. Each specific type of indoor air hazard is addressed, including allergens, asbestos, formaldehyde and VOCs, radon, tobacco smoke, legionellosis and related illnesses, carbon monoxide, multiple chemical sensitivity, and toxic mold. The basics of proper ventilation and the relationship of the HVAC system to indoor air quality are fully explained. Fundamental procedures for maintaining good air quality, including filtration, control of humidity and moisture, and duct cleaning are examined in detail. A full chapter is devoted to recent developments and procedures for controlling toxic mold. Case studies are also included.

Indoor air pollution. --- Air --- Sick building syndrome --- Pollution, Indoor --- Pollution