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The aim of this study was to test whether environmental enrichment alters the status and responsiveness of pituitary-adrenocortical and sympathetic-adrenomedullary hormones in rats. Previous studies have shown that rats kept in an enriched environment differ from those kept in standard cages in dendritic branching, synaptogenesis, memory function, emotionality and behaviour. In male Wistar rats kept in an enriched environment for 40 days, we studied basal concentrations of hormones, endocrine responses to 5-HT1A challenge and responsiveness and adaptation to repeated handling. Environmental enrichment consisted of large plexiglass cages with 10 rats per cage, which contained variety of objects exchanged three times a week. Rats kept in this enriched environment had higher resting plasma concentrations of corticosterone, larger adrenals and increased corticosterone release to buspirone challenge compared to controls. Lower adrenocorticotropic hormone, corticosterone and adrenaline responses to handling were noticed in rats kept in an enriched environment. Exposure to repeated handling led to a more rapid extinction of corticosterone responses in rats kept in an enriched environment. Thus, environmental enrichment leads to pronounced changes in neuroendocrine regulation, including larger adrenals and increased adrenocortical function, which are so far considered to be indication of chronic stress

Adaptation. --- Adrenal gland. --- Adrenal. --- Adrenocortical. --- Alters. --- Behaviour. --- Brain chemistry. --- Brain. --- Cage. --- Cerebral-cortex. --- Chronic stress. --- Control. --- Corticosteroids. --- Corticosterone. --- Dentate gyrus. --- Emotionality. --- Endocrine. --- Enriched environment. --- Enriched. --- Enrichment. --- Environment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Exposure. --- Extinction. --- Function. --- Handling. --- Hippocampus. --- Hormone. --- Hormones. --- Increases. --- Kept. --- Male. --- Memory. --- Mice. --- Neuroendocrine. --- Object. --- Objects. --- Pituitary-adrenal axis. --- Plasma-catecholamine. --- Plasma. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Regulation. --- Release. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Serotonin. --- Stress. --- System. --- Systems. --- Test. --- Time. --- Wistar rats.

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In socially unstable groups of male laboratory mice, individuals may experience a chronic stress situation. Previous experiments have shown that the transfer of specific olfactory cues during cage cleaning, and the provision of nesting material decrease aggression and stress in group-housed male mice. In this study, the combined effect of these husbandry procedures were tested for their long-term effect on stress in groups of moderately aggressive (BALB/c) and severely aggressive (CD-1) male mice. The physiological and behavioural stress-related parameters used were body weight, food and water intake, spleen and thymus weight, adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase activity, urine corticosterone levels and behaviour in a cage emergence test. Long-term provision of nesting material and its transfer during cage cleaning was found to influence several stress-related physiological parameters. Mice housed in cages enriched with nesting material had lower urine corticosterone levels and heavier thymuses, and they consumed less food and water than standard-housed mice. Furthermore, marked differences were found between strains. CD-1 mice were less anxious in the cage emergence test, weighed more, ate and drank more, and had heavier thymuses but lighter spleens and lower corticosterone levels than BALB/c mice. We conclude that the long-term provision of nesting material, including the transfer of nesting material during cage cleaning, reduces stress and thereby enhances the welfare of laboratory mice

Activity. --- Adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase. --- Adrenal. --- Aggression. --- Aggressive-behavior. --- Aggressive. --- Behaviour. --- Body weight. --- Body-weight. --- Cage. --- Cages. --- Chronic stress. --- Cleaning. --- Corticosterone levels. --- Corticosterone. --- Cues. --- Enriched. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Experience. --- Experiment. --- Experiments. --- Food. --- Group. --- Husbandry. --- Inbred strains. --- Laboratory mice. --- Laboratory. --- Level. --- Long-term. --- Male dba/2j mice. --- Male laboratory mice. --- Male mice. --- Male-mice. --- Male. --- Mice. --- Modulation. --- Mouse. --- Nesting material. --- Olfactory cues. --- Olfactory. --- Parameters. --- Physiological. --- Provision. --- Rats. --- Stress. --- Test. --- Time. --- Tyrosine-hydroxylase. --- Tyrosine. --- Urine. --- Weight. --- Welfare.

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Studies of the brain inform us about the cognitive abilities of animals and hence affect the extent to which animals of that species are respected However, they can also tell us how an individual is likely to be perceiving, attending to, evaluating, coping with, enjoying, or disturbed by its environment, and so can give direct information about welfare. In studies of welfare, we are especially interested in how an individual feels. Since this depends upon high-level brain processing, we have to investigate brain function. Brain correlates of preferred social, sexual and parental situations include elevated oxytocin in the para-ventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Abnormal behaviour may have brain correlates, for example, high frequencies of stereotypy are associated with down-regulated P and kappa receptors and dopamine depletion in the frontal cortex. Such results help in evaluating the effects of treatment on welfare. Some brain changes, such as increased glucocorticoid receptors in the frontal lobes or increased activity in the amygdala, may be a sensitive indicator of perceived emergency. Active immunological defences lead to cytokine production in the brain, vagal nerve activity and sickness effects. Some aspects of brain function can be temporarily suppressed, for example, by opioids when there is severe pain, or permanently impaired, for example, in severely impoverished environments or during depression. Coping attempts or environmental impact can lead to injury to the brain, damage to hippocampal neurons, remodelling of dendrites in the hippocampus, or to other brain disorganisation. Brain measures can explain the nature and magnitude of many effects on welfare

Ability. --- Abnormal behaviour,adrenal,animal welfare,brain measures,coping,opioids. --- Abnormal behaviour. --- Activity. --- Amygdala. --- Animal welfare. --- Animal-welfare. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Behavior. --- Behaviour. --- Brain. --- Cognitive-ability. --- Coping. --- Cortex. --- Damage. --- Depression. --- Dopamine. --- Emergency. --- Environment. --- Environments. --- Frequency. --- Frontal cortex. --- Frontal lobes. --- Frontal-cortex. --- Frontal. --- Function. --- Glucocorticoid receptors. --- Glucocorticoid. --- Hippocampal-neurons. --- Hippocampal. --- Hippocampus. --- Hypothalamus. --- Impoverished. --- Injuries. --- Injury. --- Neurons. --- Nucleus. --- Opioid. --- Opioids. --- Oxytocin. --- Pain. --- Paraventricular nucleus. --- Production. --- Receptor. --- Receptors. --- Responses. --- Sexual. --- Sheep. --- Situations. --- Social. --- Sows. --- Stereotypies. --- Stereotypy. --- Stress. --- Systems. --- Treatment. --- Us. --- Welfare.

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"Written by prominent scholars from industry, academia, and research institutions, the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology presents a wide scope of articles on chemical substances—including their properties, manufacturing, and uses. It also focuses on industrial processes and unit operations in chemical engineering, as well as covering fundamentals and scientific subjects related to the field. Additionally, environmental and health issues concerning chemical technology are also addressed."--About page

Chemistry, Technical --- Chemistry [Technical ] --- Encyclopedias --- Chemical technologies --- Chemistry, Technical. --- ENCYCLOPEDIAS --- Chemical technology --- Industrial chemistry --- Technical chemistry --- Chemistry --- Technology --- Chemical engineering --- Monograph --- Chemical Engineering --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Optical detectors. --- Patents. --- Petroleum. --- Gases. --- Materials. --- Microbiology. --- Nanoparticles. --- Optical rotation. --- Aquaculture --- Coal. --- Coating processes. --- Coatings. --- Colloids. --- Combustion --- Glass. --- Information science. --- Infrared spectroscopy. --- Insects. --- Ion exchange. --- Iron compounds. --- Ketones. --- Laboratories. --- Raman spectroscopy. --- Rare earth metal compounds. --- Immunoassay. --- Immunochemistry. --- Carbohydrates. --- Heat --- Mass transfer. --- Disinfection. --- Transmission. --- Computer software. --- Cosmetics. --- Databases. --- Composites --- Ceramics. --- Fuel. --- Genetic engineering. --- Heat exchangers. --- Nuclear fusion. --- Digestive System. --- Growth Substances. --- Géotextiles --- Lasers. --- Lead compounds. --- Lead. --- Light. --- Liquids. --- Manganese compounds. --- Mass spectrometry. --- Nuclear magnetic resonance. --- Marketing --- Actinide elements. --- Adsorption --- Aérosols --- Pollution atmosphérique --- Chemistry, Forensic. --- Flotation. --- Fluid mechanics. --- Fluidization. --- Fluorine compounds. --- Fluorine. --- Food additives. --- Food contamination. --- Food handling. --- Fuel cells. --- Digestive System --- Growth Substances --- Disinfection --- Benzene, ethenyl --- Benzene, ethenyl, polymers --- Butanedioic acid --- Dyes --- Microgravity --- Particle size --- Pesticides --- Silicon compounds --- Silk --- Silver --- Silver compounds --- Soaps --- Sodium --- Sodium compounds --- Soil --- Sol-gel processing --- Solar energy --- Solders --- Solvents --- Soybeans --- Spectroscopy --- Sprays --- Stains (coloring materials) --- Starches --- Steam --- Steel --- Steroids --- Stimulants (nervous systems) --- Strontium --- Strontium compounds --- Styrene-butadiene rubber --- Fungicides --- Furnaces --- Gallium --- Gallium compounds --- Gasoline --- Gelatins --- Gemstones --- Geothermal energy --- Germanium --- Germanium compounds --- Glycerol --- Glycols --- Gold --- Gold compounds --- Grignard reaction --- Gums --- Hafnium --- Hafnium compounds --- Hair preparations --- Hardness (mechanical) --- Heat resistant materials --- Heat stabilizers --- Metallic glasses --- Natural gas --- Safety --- Synthetic fuels --- Waters, natural --- 1,3-butadiene, 2-methyl --- Biocides --- Butanedioic acid, methylene --- -Catalysis --- Electric insulators --- Ethenone derivatives --- Hypoglycemic agents --- Imines --- Incinerators --- Inclusion compounds --- Indium --- Indium compounds --- Indole derivatives --- Industrial hygiene --- Inks --- Inorganic polymers --- Integrated circuits --- Iodine --- Iodine compounds --- Ion implantation --- Ionomers --- Iron --- Isocyanates --- Plastics, laminated --- Reaction kinetics --- Sound insulators --- Thermal insulators --- 2-butenedioic acid (z) --- Brown coal --- Esr (electron spin resonance) --- Latex --- Leather --- Lecithins --- Lignins --- Lime --- Limestone --- Liquefied petroleum gases --- Liquid crystals --- Lithium --- Lithium compounds --- Lubricants --- Lubrication --- Luminescent materials --- Machining --- Magnesium --- Magnesium compounds --- Magnetic substances --- Magnetohydrodynamics --- Malt --- Manganese --- Propanedioic acid --- 1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy --- -2-propenoic acid, 3-phenyl --- Chloro hydrocarbons --- Chlorosulfuric acid --- Chocolate --- Choline --- Chromatography --- Chromium --- Chromium compounds --- Chromophores --- Cobalt --- Cobalt compounds --- Coffee (beverage) --- Color --- Coloring materials --- Hydroxy compounds --- Phenols --- Photography --- 2h-1-benzopyran-2-one --- Antifoaming agents --- Benzene, 1-methylethyl --- Contact lenses --- Contraceptive agents --- Controlled-release drug delivery systems --- Coordination compounds --- Copper --- Copper compounds --- Corrosion --- Cotton fibers --- Cryogenics --- Crystallization --- Cyanamide derivatives --- Cyanides (inorganic) --- Cyanine dyes --- Cyanohydrins --- Cyanuric acid --- Cyclohexane derivatives --- Cyclopentadiene --- Dairy products --- Dental materials --- Detergency --- Drying agents --- Laboratory experiment --- Nitriles --- 2-propanone --- 2-propenal --- Ablative materials --- Abrasives --- Absorption --- Acetic acid --- Acrylic polymers --- Adhesives --- Aeration --- Air conditioning --- Alcohols --- Aldehydes --- Alkali metal hydroxides --- Alkaloids --- Ethyne derivatives --- Hexanedioic acid --- Polyoxymethylenes --- Adrenal cortex hormones --- Aerogels --- Benzene, dimethyl --- Biopolymers --- Bioremediation --- Chirality --- Condensation (physical) --- Furans --- Microemulsions --- Molecular modeling --- Molecular recognition --- Photoresists --- Purity --- Recycling of polymeric materials --- Semiconductor compounds --- Separation --- Surface analysis --- Thermography --- Urea --- Water-soluble polymers --- Weighing --- Welding --- Wine --- Wood --- ANTIBIOTICS --- ANTI-OBESITY AGENTS --- ANTIFREEZE --- ANTIMONY --- ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS --- ANTIOXIDANTS --- ANTIOZONANTS --- PARASITICIDES --- ANTISTATIC AGENTS --- VIRUCIDES --- AQUACULTURE --- ARSENIC --- ARSENIC COMPOUNDS --- ASBESTOS --- ASPHALT --- AIR POLLUTION --- INSTRUMENTATION --- JET AIRCRAFT FUEL --- DYES --- BAKERY PRODUCTS --- BARIUM --- BARIUM COMPOUNDS --- POLYMERS --- PERMEABILITY --- FUEL CELLS --- PROPERTIES --- 9,10-anthracenedione --- Alcohols, compounds, metal salts --- Alkyd resins --- Alkylation --- Allylic compounds --- Aluminum --- Aluminum compounds --- Amides --- Amines --- Amino acids --- Amino alcohols --- Aminoplasts --- Ammonia --- Ammonium compounds --- Analgesics --- Analytical chemistry --- Anesthetics --- Antibacterial agents --- Antibiotics --- Bronchodilator agents --- Senescence --- POWER --- PRESSURE --- PRINTING --- PROCESS CONTROL AND DYNAMICS --- ENERGY CONSERVATION --- PRODUCT LIABILITY --- 1-PROPANOL --- 2-PROPANOL --- OXIRANE, METHYL --- PROSTAGLANDINS --- PROSTHETIC DEVICES --- PROTEINS --- PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS --- PULP (CELLULOSE) --- PUMPS --- PYRAZOLE DERIVATIVES --- PYRIDINE DERIVATIVES --- PYROTECHNIC COMPOSITIONS --- PYRROLE DERIVATIVES --- QUALITY CONTROL --- QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS --- QUINOLINE DERIVATIVES --- QUINONES --- CROSSLINKING AGENTS --- RADIATION --- ISOTOPE INDICATORS --- RADIOELEMENTS --- RADIOGRAPHY, CONTRAST AGENTS --- PHARMACEUTICALS, RADIO --- RADIOPROTECTANTS --- REACTORS --- COATINGS --- RECYCLING --- CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL EFFECTS --- MATCHES --- MATERIALS --- STANDARDS --- MEAT PRODUCTS --- DIAGNOSIS --- DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING --- MEMBRANES --- MEMORY, BIOLOGICAL --- MERCURY --- MERCURY COMPOUNDS --- ANODES --- METALS --- METALLURGY --- COMPOSITES --- SURFACE (CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS) --- 2-PROPENOIC ACID, 2-METHYL --- METHANOL --- MICA-GROUP MINERALS --- POLYSACCHARIDES, BACTERIAL --- METABOLISM (MICROBIAL) --- MICROENCAPSULATION --- MICROSCOPY --- MICROWAVE --- MILK --- DAIRY PRODUCTS --- MINERAL ELEMENTS --- NUTRIENTS --- MINERALS --- MIXING --- MOLECULAR SIEVES --- MOLYBDENUM --- MOLYBDENUM COMPOUNDS --- NAPHTHALENE DERIVATIVES --- NAPHTHENIC ACIDS --- NEUROHORMONES --- NEUROTRANSMITTER AGONISTS --- NEUROTRANSMITTER ANTAGONISTS --- PREPARATION --- 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid --- Carbonic dichloride --- Disperse systems --- Paper --- Perchloric acid --- Perfumes --- Peroxides --- Pharmaceutical preparations --- Phenolic resins --- Phosphates --- Phosphine derivatives --- Phosphoric acid --- Phosphorus --- Phosphorus compounds --- Photochemistry --- Photoconductivity --- Photoelectric devices --- Phthalocyanine compounds --- Pigments --- THIOGLYCOLIC ACID --- THIOLS --- THIOPHENE DERIVATIVES --- THIOSULFATES --- THORIUM --- THORIUM COMPOUNDS --- THYROID GLAND --- THYROID HORMONES --- TIN --- TIN ALLOYS --- TIN COMPOUNDS --- TIRES --- TITANIUM --- TITANIUM ALLOYS --- TITANIUM COMPOUNDS --- TOLUENE --- TOXICOLOGY --- TRACE ELEMENTS --- TRANSPORTATION --- TUNGSTEN --- TUNGSTEN ALLOYS --- TUNGSTEN COMPOUNDS --- ULTRAFILTRATION --- UNITS OF MEASUREMENT --- URANIUM --- URANIUM COMPOUNDS --- THALLIUM COMPOUNDS --- POLYURETHANES --- VACCINES --- VACUUM --- VANADIUM --- VANADIUM ALLOYS --- VANADIUM COMPOUNDS --- VANILLIN --- VETERINARY MEDICINE --- VINEGAR --- VINYL COMPOUNDS --- VINYL POLYMERS --- ANALYSIS --- 1,1'-biphenyl, deriv --- Alcoholic beverages --- Alkadienes --- Aromatic hydrocarbons --- Bearings --- Beer --- Benzene --- Beryllium --- Biotechnology --- Bismuth --- Bleaching agents --- Blood --- Boron --- Bromine --- Cadmium --- Calcium --- Carbides --- Carbon --- Construction materials --- Friction materials --- Alditols --- Films (physical chemistry) --- S-substitution --- Sulfamic acid --- Sulfolane --- Sulfonation --- Sulfonic acids --- Sulfoxides --- Sulfur --- Sulfur compounds --- Sulfuric acid --- Supercritical fluids --- Surfactants --- Sutures --- Sweetening agents --- Talc --- Tall oil --- Tanks (containers) --- Tantalum --- Tantalum compounds --- Tar --- Tea --- Tellurium --- Tellurium compounds --- Temperature sensors --- Terpenes --- Textiles --- Thallium --- Thallium compounds --- Thermodynamics --- Thermoelectricity --- Anemometers --- Blood chemical analysis --- Flavoring agents --- Flocculating agents --- Fluorescent brighteners --- Foams --- Formaldehyde --- Formic acid --- Fractionation --- Fracture (materials) --- Friedel-crafts reaction --- Fruit and vegetable juices --- Plastics, cellular --- Viscosimeters