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Under commercial rearing conditions, domestic turkeys are often aggressive towards "pen-mates", and this may lead to serious injuries or even death. We hypothesized that restricted space, as a consequence of high stocking density, might prevent the attacked bird from retreating from its opponent to avoid serious consequences from an encounter. This study examines the aggressive response in 10 groups of five familiar turkey toms, comparing behaviour to an unfamiliar conspecific that is introduced to two pens of different sizes. Groups were tested both in a small (2 m x 3 m) and in a large (6 m x 13 m) pen for 30 min. Aggressive interactions and distances between the newly introduced bird and test-group members, and additionally distances among test-group members, were recorded. In the small pen we observed significantly more aggressive pecks and threats to the introduced bird. In the large pen introduced birds kept a greater distance from the group than in the small pen. However, they did not make use of all of the available floor space in the large pen. The mean number of fights and chases per test was no different between the two pens. We conclude that the aggressive response of the group was reduced with an increase in floor space. To summarise, the present study shows that in small groups of turkeys, an increase in floor space reduces the number of aggressive pecks and threats aimed at an introduced unfamiliar conspecific. Additionally, we found evidence that there might be a critical distance below which retreating from an opponent is not successful in avoiding aggressive encounters. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V

Aggressive. --- Behaviour. --- Bird. --- Boxes. --- Consequences. --- Conspecific. --- Death. --- Density. --- Distance. --- Distances. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Fight. --- Floor space. --- Floor. --- Group. --- Housing. --- Increase. --- Injuries. --- Injurious pecking. --- Injury. --- Interaction. --- Interactions. --- Kept. --- Laying hens. --- Light-intensity. --- Male domestic turkeys. --- Male. --- Management. --- Pen. --- Performance. --- Poultry. --- Rabbit. --- Rabbits. --- Rearing. --- Response. --- Space. --- Stocking density. --- Switzerland. --- Test. --- Time-budgets. --- Time. --- Turkey. --- Turkeys. --- Welfare.

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Animal welfare is attracting increasing interest worldwide, but particularly from those in developed countries, who now have the knowledge and resources to be able to offer the b est management systems for their farm animals, as well as potentially being able to offer plentiful resources for companion, zoo and laboratory animals. The increased attention given to animal welfare in the West derives la rgely from the fact that the relentless pursuit of financial reward and efficiency has lead to the development of intensive animal production systems that offend the conscience of many consumers in those countries. In devel oping countries, human survival is still a daily uncertainty, so that provision fo r animal welfare has to be balanced against human welfare. Welfare is usua lly provided for only if it supports the output of the animal, be it food, work, clothing, sport or companionship. In reality there are resources for all if they are properly husbanded in both developing and developed countries. The inequitable division of the world’s riches creates physical and psychological poverty for humans and animals alike in all sectors of the world. Liv estock are the world’s biggest land user (FAO, 2002) and the population, particularly of monogastric animals, is increasing rapidly to meet the need of an expanding human population. Populations of animals managed by humans are therefore increasing worldwide, so there is the tendency to allocate fewer resources to each one.

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