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This book in categorial proof theory formulates in terms of category theory a generalization close to linear algebra of the notions of distributive lattice and Boolean algebra. These notions of distributive lattice category and Boolean category codify a plausible nontrivial notion of identity of proofs in classical propositional logic, which is in accordance with Gentzen's cut-elimination procedure for multiple-conclusion sequents modified by admitting new principles called union of proofs and zero proofs. It is proved that these notions of category are coherent in the sense that there is a faithful structure-preserving functor from freely generated distributive lattice categories and Boolean categories into the category whose arrows are relations between finite ordinals-a category related to generality of proofs and to the notion of natural transformation. These coherence results yield a simple decision procedure for equality of proofs. Coherence in the same sense is also proved for various more general notions of category that enter into the notions of distributive lattice category and Boolean category. Some of these coherence results, like those for monoidal and symmetric monoidal categories are well known, but are here presented in a new light. The key to this categorification of the proof theory of classical propositional logic is distribution of conjunction over disjunction that is not an isomorphism as in cartesian closed categories.
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God --- Divination --- Proof, Cosmological
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This is a wide-ranging 2004 book about arguments for and against beliefs in God. The arguments for the belief are analysed in the first six chapters and include ontological arguments from Anselm to Gödel, the cosmological arguments of Aquinas and Leibniz, and arguments from evidence for design and miracles. The next two chapters consider arguments against belief. The last chapter examines Pascalian arguments for and against belief in God. There are discussions of Cantorian problems for omniscience, of challenges to divine omnipotence, and of the compatibility of everlasting complete knowledge of the world with free-will. There are appendices that present formal proofs in a system for quantified modal logic, a theory of possible worlds, notes on Cantorian set theory, and remarks concerning non-standard hyperreal numbers. This book will be a valuable resource for philosophers of religion and theologians and will interest logicians and mathematicians as well.
God --- Dieu --- Proof. --- Existence --- Proof --- Arts and Humanities --- Philosophy --- God - Proof.
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The proposition that the existence of God is demonstrable by rational argument is doubted by nearly all philosophical opinion today and is thought by most Christian theologians to be incompatible with Christian faith. This book argues that, on the contrary, there are reasons of faith why in principle the existence of God should be thought rationally demonstrable and that it is worthwhile revisiting the theology of Thomas Aquinas to see why this is so. The book further suggests that philosophical objections to proofs of God's existence rely upon an attenuated and impoverished conception of reason which theologians of all monotheistic traditions might wish to reject. Denys Turner proposes that on a broader and deeper conception of it, human rationality is open to the 'sacramental shape' of creation as such and in its exercise of rational proof of God it in some way participates in that sacramentality of all things.
God --- Dieu --- Proof, Ontological. --- Existence --- Preuve ontologique --- Ontological argument --- Ontology --- Proof, Ontological --- Arts and Humanities --- Religion --- God - Proof, Ontological.
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This book is a specialized monograph on the development of the mathematical and computational metatheory of reductive logic and proof-search including proof-theoretic, semantic/model-theoretic and algorithmic aspects. The scope ranges from the conceptual background to reductive logic, through its mathematical metatheory, to its modern applications in the computational sciences.
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Agnosticism --- Faith --- God --- God --- God --- Knowableness --- Proof
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Experience (Religion) --- God --- Spirits --- Proof, Empirical
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