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Art --- forming [physical activity]

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796.034 --- sport --- gehandicapten --- Personen met een handicap --- Gehandicaptensport --- Didactiek --- 796.034 Aangepast sporten. Adapted physical activity --- Aangepast sporten. Adapted physical activity --- Physical education for children with disabilities. --- Physical education for children with disabilities --- Physical education for handicapped children --- Physical education for physically handicapped children --- Children with disabilities --- Education

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A variety of recent rodent studies have suggested the use of an enriched environment as a strategy to increase the welfare of captive animals. However, a number of standard procedures of environmental enrichment are applied without taking into account the etho-ecological, species-specific, needs of laboratory animals. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the age and sex differences in the utilisation of a physically-enriched environment, consisting of four differently-shaped plastic compartments: a central chamber, a circle, a running wheel and a tower. These compartments are characterised by features (e.g. size, lightness, presence of food, opportunity to perform physical activity) of eco-ethological relevance for the mouse, the most common laboratory species. Presence and activity in each cage compartment during 5 consecutive days were assessed in juvenile (35 days old) and adult (90 days old) CD-1 mice of both sexes. Mice explored all the compartments, spending most of the time in the central chamber and making an extensive use of the running wheel. Juveniles of both sexes and adult males showed a prominent occupation of the central chamber, where food and sawdust were located, and they widely used it to sleep, suggesting that food availability might be a relevant factor in driving their choice of the resting location. Conversely, adult females displayed a more complex utilisation profile and preferentially stayed in the tower while inactive, suggesting that safety needs, that the covered structure of this compartment probably cater for, may be more relevant for them than availability of food and water resource. These findings indicate that in laboratory mice the features of an enriched environment are differentially relevant according to age and sex and, thus, may exert a different impact on their psycho-physical welfare. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Activity. --- Adolescent mice. --- Adult. --- Age and etho-ecological needs. --- Age. --- Animal welfare. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Behaviour. --- Boxes. --- Cage. --- Choice. --- Deer mice. --- Enriched environment. --- Enriched. --- Enrichment. --- Environment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Female. --- Females. --- Food availability. --- Food. --- Gender. --- Increase. --- Laboratory animals. --- Laboratory mice. --- Laboratory-animals. --- Laboratory. --- Locomotor-activity. --- Male. --- Males. --- Mice. --- Microtus-pennsylvanicus. --- Mouse. --- Mus-musculus. --- Need. --- Needs. --- Nesting materials. --- Novelty seeking. --- Old. --- Periadolescent mice. --- Physical activity. --- Physical-activity. --- Physical. --- Relevance. --- Rodent. --- Running wheel. --- Sex difference. --- Sex differences. --- Sex-differences. --- Sex. --- Sexes. --- Size. --- Sleep. --- Spatial ability. --- Strategies. --- Strategy. --- Time. --- Welfare.

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Wychowanie fizyczne --- Kondycja fizyczna --- Motoryka --- Exercise --- Health promotion. --- Human mechanics. --- Physical education and training. --- Human mechanics --- Physical education and training --- Health promotion --- Mécanique humaine --- Education physique --- Exercice --- Promotion de la santé --- aspekt fizjologiczny --- czasopisma. --- badania --- Physiological aspects. --- Periodicals. --- Physiological aspects --- Périodiques --- Aspect physiologique --- Athletic training --- Education, Physical --- P.E. (Physical education) --- PE (Physical education) --- Phy ed --- Phys ed --- Physical culture --- Physical training --- Sports --- Training, Physical --- Body mechanics, Human --- Human biomechanics --- Human movements --- Movements, Human --- Health promotion programs --- Health promotion services --- Promotion of health --- Wellness programs --- Exercise physiology --- Physical activity --- Warm-up --- Workouts (Exercise) --- Training --- Physiological effect --- sports and recreation --- human physiology --- health promotion --- disease prevention --- Periodicals --- Education --- Athletics --- Gymnastics --- Animal mechanics --- Human physiology --- Physical anthropology --- Kinesiology --- Preventive health services --- Health education --- Clinical exercise physiology --- Health --- Health Sciences --- Physiology --- applied sport sciences --- biomechanics and motor control --- physical activity --- fitness and health --- physiological aspects of sports --- psychological diagnostics of sport and exercise

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Coverage includes biochemical, physiological, pathophysiological and clinical aspects of research on physical exercise in the prevention of diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, and some cancers. The journal also presents studies identifying the "dose" of physical exercise suitable for prevention and the "dose" suitable for treatment of specific diseases, for the different sport activities.

Sports sciences --- Physical fitness --- Sports medicine --- Exercise --- Exercise. --- Physical fitness. --- Sports medicine. --- Sports sciences. --- Physiological aspects --- Physiological aspects. --- Physical Fitness. --- Sports Medicine. --- physiology. --- Sciences, Sports --- Sport sciences --- Athletic medicine --- Athletics --- Medicine and sports --- Physical education and training --- Sports --- Endurance, Physical --- Fitness, Physical --- Physical endurance --- Physical stamina --- Stamina, Physical --- Exercise physiology --- Medicine, Sport --- Medicine, Sports --- Sport Medicine --- Physical activity --- Warm-up --- Workouts (Exercise) --- Medical aspects --- Physiological effect --- Science --- Medicine --- Health --- Clinical exercise physiology --- Psychology, Sports --- Physical Conditioning, Human --- sport --- sportgeneeskunde --- sports medicine --- volksgezondheid --- public health --- fysiologie --- physiology --- Sport --- Public Health --- Volksgezondheid --- Arts and Humanities --- Performing Arts, Travel and Leisure --- Condició física --- Medicina esportiva --- Condició física. --- Medicina esportiva.