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ISBN: 1455231967 1452762708 1280978864 9786613750471 1452757941 Year: 2004 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : International Monetary Fund,
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This Selected Issues paper on Germany reviews investment trends and business capital stock in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. Sharp wage increases are found to boost capital formation in the short term as employers substitute capital for labor at a rate that adjusts to the higher relative price for labor. To limit the political economy biases to fiscal policy, the paper explores options to strengthen budgetary institutions, notably more transparency; stronger budgetary rules; and more room for Länder governments to mobilize revenue and tailor spending to local circumstances.
Foreign Exchange --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Taxation --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search --- Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Labor Standards: Labor Force Composition --- Labour --- income economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Investment & securities --- Unemployment --- Labor force participation --- Expenditure --- Wages --- Real exchange rates --- Employment --- Labor market --- Fiscal policy --- Germany
Book
ISBN: 1455244015 1452775877 1280892986 1452718547 9786613734297 Year: 2004 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : International Monetary Fund,
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This Selected Issues paper analyzes the key features of the Japanese business cycle, and investigates whether the current recovery differs from past recoveries. In particular, this paper poses the following questions: what are the main characteristics of Japanese business cycles since 1980, and what happens to output, expenditure components, and prices over the cycle? The paper reviews the recent performance and policy issues with respect to the banking sector, insurance sector, and public financial sector in Japan. The stability of the financial sector is also assessed.
Banks and Banking --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Demography --- Industries: Financial Services --- Social Security and Public Pensions --- Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits --- Private Pensions --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Labor Standards: Labor Force Composition --- Pensions --- Public finance & taxation --- Labour --- income economics --- Economic growth --- Pension spending --- Business cycles --- Expenditure --- Banking --- Labor force participation --- Expenditures, Public --- Banks and banking --- Labor market --- Financial services industry --- Japan
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