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The North American Great Plains and Rocky Mountains have yielded many artifacts and other clues about the prehistoric people who once lived there, but little is understood about the hunting practices that ensured their survival for thousands of years. Noted archaeologist George Frison brings a lifetime of experience as a hunter, rancher, and guide to bear on excavation data from the region relating to hunting, illuminating prehistoric hunting practices in entirely new ways. Sharing his intimate knowledge of animal habitats and behavior and his familiarity with hunting strategies and techniques, Frison argues that this kind of firsthand knowledge is crucial for understanding hunting in the past.

Hunting and gathering societies. --- Paleo-Indians --- Hunting, Prehistoric. --- Food gathering societies --- Gathering and hunting societies --- Hunter-gatherers --- Hunting, Primitive --- Ethnology --- Subsistence hunting --- Paleo-Americans --- Paleo-Amerinds --- Paleoamericans --- Paleoamerinds --- Paleoindians --- Stone age --- Indians --- Prehistoric peoples --- Hunting and foraging, Prehistoric --- Hunting and gathering, Prehistoric --- Prehistoric hunting --- Hunting. --- american west. --- animal populations. --- animals as food. --- animals. --- antelope. --- apex predator. --- big horn mountains. --- bison. --- buffalo. --- conservation. --- deer. --- elk. --- environment. --- environmentalism. --- extinct animals. --- food studies. --- frontier. --- human animal relationships. --- hunter gatherer. --- hunting. --- indigenous culture. --- indigenous peoples. --- mountain sheep. --- mule deer. --- natural world. --- nature. --- nonfiction. --- paleo indians. --- persistence predator. --- plains animals. --- predator. --- prehistoric. --- prey. --- pronghorn. --- ranching. --- rocky mountains. --- substance hunting.

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A variety of recent rodent studies have suggested the use of an enriched environment as a strategy to increase the welfare of captive animals. However, a number of standard procedures of environmental enrichment are applied without taking into account the etho-ecological, species-specific, needs of laboratory animals. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the age and sex differences in the utilisation of a physically-enriched environment, consisting of four differently-shaped plastic compartments: a central chamber, a circle, a running wheel and a tower. These compartments are characterised by features (e.g. size, lightness, presence of food, opportunity to perform physical activity) of eco-ethological relevance for the mouse, the most common laboratory species. Presence and activity in each cage compartment during 5 consecutive days were assessed in juvenile (35 days old) and adult (90 days old) CD-1 mice of both sexes. Mice explored all the compartments, spending most of the time in the central chamber and making an extensive use of the running wheel. Juveniles of both sexes and adult males showed a prominent occupation of the central chamber, where food and sawdust were located, and they widely used it to sleep, suggesting that food availability might be a relevant factor in driving their choice of the resting location. Conversely, adult females displayed a more complex utilisation profile and preferentially stayed in the tower while inactive, suggesting that safety needs, that the covered structure of this compartment probably cater for, may be more relevant for them than availability of food and water resource. These findings indicate that in laboratory mice the features of an enriched environment are differentially relevant according to age and sex and, thus, may exert a different impact on their psycho-physical welfare. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Activity. --- Adolescent mice. --- Adult. --- Age and etho-ecological needs. --- Age. --- Animal welfare. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Behaviour. --- Boxes. --- Cage. --- Choice. --- Deer mice. --- Enriched environment. --- Enriched. --- Enrichment. --- Environment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Female. --- Females. --- Food availability. --- Food. --- Gender. --- Increase. --- Laboratory animals. --- Laboratory mice. --- Laboratory-animals. --- Laboratory. --- Locomotor-activity. --- Male. --- Males. --- Mice. --- Microtus-pennsylvanicus. --- Mouse. --- Mus-musculus. --- Need. --- Needs. --- Nesting materials. --- Novelty seeking. --- Old. --- Periadolescent mice. --- Physical activity. --- Physical-activity. --- Physical. --- Relevance. --- Rodent. --- Running wheel. --- Sex difference. --- Sex differences. --- Sex-differences. --- Sex. --- Sexes. --- Size. --- Sleep. --- Spatial ability. --- Strategies. --- Strategy. --- Time. --- Welfare.