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A detailed study of the private boxes of Madrid's first permanent playhouse The Corral de la Cruz (1579-1736) is the less well known of Madrid's Golden Age playhouses. This latest volume in Tamesis's Fuentes series is a detailed study of one of its most distinctive features: the boxes, or aposentos, fromwhich the privileged and powerful, including Philip IV, witnessed the premieres of so many plays by Lope de Vega, Calderón and others. These boxes were rooms overlooking the yard, but were situated in private houses outside the walls of the playhouse, with independent access. Their structure and history are traced here through a substantial corpus of new documents containing information on the location, structure, dimensions, owners, lessees and users of the boxes and the houses, as well as the vexed question of payment for viewing rights. This provides an indispensable basis for the reconstruction of the first permanent theatre in the Spanish capital, in both its architectural andsocioeconomic aspects. CHARLES DAVIS is a Ramón y Cajal Research Fellow at the University of Valencia and Honorary Research Fellow of Queen Mary, University of London. El Corral de la Cruz (1579-1736) es elmenos conocido de los dos corrales de comedias madrileños. Este último tomo de las Fuentes de Tamesis es un estudio pormenorizado de uno de sus elementos más característicos: los aposentos, o palcos, desde donde los espectadoresmás privilegiados, entre ellos el propio Felipe IV, presenciaban los estrenos de tantas obras de Lope de Vega, Calderón y otros. Eran habitaciones que daban al patio, pero estaban situadas en casas particulares fuera de las medianerías del teatro, con entradas independientes. Se traza aquí su historia y estructura a través de un nutrido corpus documental que ofrece nuevos datos sobre la ubicación, estructura, medidas, propietarios, inquilinos y usuarios delos aposentos y las casas.

Boxes (Theaters, auditoriums, etc.) --- History. --- Corral de la Cruz (Madrid, Spain) --- Box seating (Theaters, auditoriums, etc.) --- Theater boxes --- Auditoriums --- Stadiums --- Theaters --- Loges (Theaters)

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Public buildings --- Architecture --- Belgium --- 725.8 --- Recreatiegebouwen. Gebouwen voor amusement; ontspanning; sport; spel --- 725.8 Recreatiegebouwen. Gebouwen voor amusement; ontspanning; sport; spel --- boxes [audience spaces] --- theaters [buildings]

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Juvenile mink were kept in two different group housing systems and their behaviour and physiology compared to that of juvenile mink kept traditionally in pairs. One group housing system was made by adjoining three traditional cages (row system) and the other by stacking a slightly smaller cage on top of a traditional cage (stacked system). Frequent scan sampling observations on behaviour and choice of stay were performed during 3 months on a focal female mink in each system. The occurrence and severity of damages to the fur was registered as well as morbidity and mortality in each system. The data showed that the frequency of stereotypies, auto-grooming and play did not differ significantly between systems. But the stacked system deviated significantly from both the traditional and row system in a number of occasions. There was a higher frequency of surveillance (P < 0.01), exploration (P < 0.01) and agonistic behaviour (P < 0.05) and a lower frequency of sleeping (P < 0.05) and eating/drinking (P < 0.05) in the stacked system. Morbidity and mortality was significantly higher in both group housing systems (9-11%), compared to the traditional system (0%). Group housing of juvenile mink, as practised in this experiment, could not be recommended from a welfare point of view. If group housing of mink, despite these findings, gets widely adopted, it is crucial that further research continues in order to find the appropriate stocking density, no. of feeding places and nest boxes, and optimal group composition acquired to obtain a good and acceptable welfare level in all individuals in the group. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Agonistic behaviour. --- Agonistic. --- Behaviour. --- Boxes. --- Cage. --- Cages. --- Choice. --- Cortisol. --- Damage. --- Density. --- Experiment. --- Exploration. --- Feeding. --- Female. --- Frequency. --- Fur. --- Group housing. --- Group. --- Groups. --- Housing system. --- Housing. --- Kept. --- Level. --- Mink. --- Morbidity and mortality. --- Morbidity. --- Mortality. --- Mustela-vison. --- Nest box. --- Nest-boxes. --- Nest. --- Observation. --- Performance. --- Physiology. --- Play. --- Production. --- Research. --- Social aggression. --- Stereotypies. --- Stereotypy. --- Stocking density. --- System. --- Systems. --- Time. --- Welfare.

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Mirrors have been suggested as a potential environmental enrichment for animals that are individually housed. The present study examined the influence of a mirror on the behaviour of individually housed laboratory mice. Sixteen mice were placed into apparatus comprised of two preference cages connected by a tunnel. A mirror was placed in one of the preference cages (mirror) but not in the other (non-mirror) and the position swapped daily for 4 days. Thirteen of the 16 mice spent less time in the mirror cage than the non-mirror cage (Sign test; P = 0.021) indicating an aversion to the mirror, however, the difference in occupation of the cages was not great. Overall, the mice occupied the mirror cage 47.6 +/- 4.7% of the time and the non-mirror cage 52.4 +/- 4.7%. There was no significant effect of the mirror on the number of mice building a nest in the mirror (N = 10) or the non-mirror cage (N = 6). The presence of the mirror significantly reduced feeding from the immediately adjacent feeder. The number of bouts, total time, and the mean feeding bout duration were all decreased by approximately 50-60% (ANOVA; P < 0.05). Overall, these results show that a mirror is slightly aversive to individually housed mice during general cage occupancy, and more highly aversive during feeding. These data therefore indicate that in contrast to some other species, mirrors are probably not a suitable environmental enrichment for individually housed laboratory mice. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Animal. --- Animals. --- Behaviour. --- Boxes. --- Cage. --- Cages. --- Chimpanzees. --- Duration. --- Enrichment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Feeding. --- Heart-rate. --- Laboratory mice. --- Laboratory. --- Mice. --- Mirror. --- Nest. --- Position. --- Preference. --- Sign. --- Stabled horse. --- Stereotypic weaving behavior. --- Test. --- Time. --- Welfare.

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0-77362-34-7

El-Asmar, Nedda --- jewelry --- boxes [containers] --- art [fine art] --- scripts [writing] --- Iconography --- Applied arts. Arts and crafts --- anno 1900-1999 --- anno 2000-2099 --- Belgium --- Antwerp --- Morocco --- French literature (outside France) --- Kunstenaars --- 82:7 "2000-" --- Literatuur en kunst--"2000-"--Vanaf het jaar 2000. Toekomst--(variabel) --- Kunstenaar --- art [discipline] --- kunst en literatuur