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Protein arrays make possible the detection and quantitation of many proteins simultaneously, thus enabling researchers to ask fundamental questions about biological processes and to discover biomarkers that can be used diagnostically. In Protein Arrays: Methods and Protocols, innovative experimentalists describe in detail the methods they have developed to synthesize and construct protein arrays for basic and clinical research. The authors present protocols to create and immobilize the capture substrate-the first task in designing a protein array-using a variety of affinity capture reagents, including antibodies, peptides, aptamers, biotin, chemical reagents, and chromatographic substrates. Once synthesized, these arrays can be used to analyze protein-protein interactions and posttranslational modifications, such as phosphorylation, as well as to discover and characterize potential diagnostic markers. Protocols to accomplish these tasks are also presented. The protocols presented follow the successful Methods in Molecular Biology™ series format, each one offering step-by-step laboratory instructions, an introduction outlining the principle behind the technique, lists of equipment and reagents, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Diverse and highly practical, Protein Arrays: Methods and Protocols offers basic and clinical investigators a broad spectrum of approaches to the generation of protein arrays, as well as their uses in biomarkers discovery, in assay development, in clinical sample testing, in signal transduction analysis and characterization, and for creating the next generation of molecular tools.

Biochemistry. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Composition

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Carrying on the high standards of the much-praised first edition of Nitric Oxide Protocols, Aviv Hassid has brought together a panel of expert researchers and clinician scientists to describe in step-by-step detail the latest methodologies for the measurement of nitric oxide--and the enzyme that produces it-in biological tissues and fluids. The authors take advantage of the latest methodologies for the quantitation of biological fluids and tissues, including capillary electrophoresis, microcoaxial electrodes, in vivo measurement of nitric oxide in exhaled air, confocal microscopy, gas chromatography, in situ hybridization, and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Chapters on the measurement of the novel products of nitric oxide, such as nitrated proteins, S-nitrosylated proteins, and dioxygen-dependent NO metabolism, are also included. Additional chapters address the expression of nitric oxide synthase via the use of viral vectors in gene therapy for erectile dysfunction and cancer, as well as in retrovirus, adenovirus, or adenoassociated virus-mediated expression of nitric oxide synthase in vivo. The protocols follow the successful Methods in Molecular Biology™ series format, each one offering step-by-step laboratory instructions, an introduction outlining the principle behind the technique, lists of equipment and reagents, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. State-of-the-art and highly practical, Nitric Oxide Protocols, 2nd ed., offers investigators and clinican/scientists a gold-standard collection of readily reproducible analytical techniques for measuring levels of nitric oxide and determining its manifold functions and effects.

Biochemistry. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Composition

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This volume, Prefrontal Cortex: from Synaptic Plasticity to Cognition, is an interdisciplinary approach to characterize the function of the anterior portion of the frontal lobe in rodents and human and non-human primates. The specific topics discussed in the chapters of this volume are purposefully diverse: they range from membrane properties of prefrontal neurons to cognitive psychology. Nevertheless, this volume must not be regarded as a mere collection of writings with the different sub-themes. As you will see, chapters often vigorously encompass domains of the prefrontal field in effort to provide a big picture. That is actually what we attempted to do in this volume. On one hand, we have accumulated knowledge on the properties of neurons and synapses in the prefrontal cortex as well as the actions of critical neuromodulators such as dopamine. On the other hand, behavioral and cognitive neurosciences have begun to reveal the fascinating role of the prefrontal cortex in such mental processes as working memory, attention switching and rule following, and long-term memory. Needless to say, our ultimate goal as neurobiologists is to know what relationship there is between these cellular and cognitive processes. This volume is meant to serve as a comprehensive introduction towards that goal. Readers will be informed, for example, of how plasticity of prefrontal neurons is regulated, how it is involved in certain cognitive processes in rodents, and how the rodent models can apply to the primates.

Prefrontal cortex --- Physiology. --- Neurosciences. --- Biochemistry. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Nervous system --- Composition --- Cortex, Prefrontal --- Frontal lobes

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Carrying on in the tradition of its much praised earlier edition, A. Kristina Downing has selected new protocols describing the many recent advances in NMR methodology that are revolutionizing the field. Described in step-by-step detail by established hands-on experts, these readily reproducible techniques include methods for high-level recombinant protein expression using sophisticated isotopic labeling strategies, TROSY methods for the study of structure and dynamics, and methods for the acquisition and interpretation of residual dipolar coupling data. There are also applications of dynamics measurements on multiple timescales, new developments in NMR data analysis, structure calculation protocols, and a comprehensive chapter on solid-state methods for the study of membrane proteins. The protocols follow the successful Methods in Molecular Biology™ series format, each offering detailed laboratory instructions, an introduction outlining the principle behind the technique, lists of equipment and reagents, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. State-of-the-art and highly practical, Protein NMR Techniques, 2nd Ed., makes accessible to all NMR laboratories proven techniques that are powerfully transforming the speed, accuracy, and size limit of our ability to characterize biological macromolecules.

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy --- Proteins --- NMR spectroscopy --- Spectroscopy, NMR --- Spectroscopy, Nuclear magnetic resonance --- Nuclear spectroscopy --- Knight shift --- Analysis --- Biochemistry. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Composition

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Semiochemicals --- Pheromones --- Analysis --- Analysis. --- chemistry. --- 577.19 --- Pheromones and phytocins --- Chemistry. --- Organic chemistry. --- Agriculture. --- Biochemistry. --- Organic Chemistry. --- Biochemistry, general. --- 577.19 Pheromones and phytocins --- Organic chemistry --- Chemistry --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Medical sciences --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Composition --- Semiochemicals - Analysis --- Pheromones - Analysis