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This paper studies the implications of foreign currency deposits (FCDs) for international liquidity shortages in Pakistan. The analysis focuses on how the large volume of FCDs and the specific institutional characteristics of those deposits have made the Pakistan economy highly vulnerable to exogenous shocks. The analysis shows that FCDs created another channel for government borrowing, and fiscal sustainability in a "closed" system may be very different from sustainability in a more "open" system. There is a need to think of these issues in terms of total balance sheet vulnerability, and we recommend measures that would make domestic-currency-denominated assets attractive to investors.
Foreign exchange --- Banks and banking --- Monetary policy --- Monetary management --- Economic policy --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- Cambistry --- Currency exchange --- Exchange, Foreign --- Foreign currency --- Foreign exchange problem --- Foreign money --- Forex --- FX (Finance) --- International exchange --- International finance --- Currency crises --- Banks and Banking --- Finance: General --- Foreign Exchange --- Monetary Policy --- Open Economy Macroeconomics --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Portfolio Choice --- Investment Decisions --- Banking --- Currency --- Finance --- Bank deposits --- International reserves --- International liquidity --- Commercial banks --- Financial services --- Central banks --- Asset and liability management --- Financial institutions --- Foreign exchange reserves --- Pakistan
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Immunology. Immunopathology --- immunologie --- Immunology --- Immunity --- Immunologic diseases --- Immune system --- Immunological deficiency syndromes --- Immunologie --- Immunité --- Maladies immunologiques --- Système immunitaire --- Syndromes de déficit immunitaire --- Physiology --- Physiologie --- 577.27 --- Immune diseases --- Immune disorders --- Immunologic disorders --- Immunological diseases --- Diseases --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- Molecular bases of immunity. Molecular immunology --- Immunity. --- Immunologic diseases. --- Immunology. --- Hypersensitivity. --- Immune System --- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes. --- physiology. --- 577.27 Molecular bases of immunity. Molecular immunology --- Immunité --- Système immunitaire --- Syndromes de déficit immunitaire --- Physiology.
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Comptabilite --- Normes --- 657 --- Accountancy --- 657 Accountancy --- Comptabilite - Normes
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Arabic language - Textbooks for foreign speakers - English. --- Arabic language --- English --- Phonetics. --- Textbooks for foreign speakers --- English. --- Writing. --- Phonetics --- Writing --- Arabic language - Writing. --- Arabic language - Phonetics.
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Translators. --- Translating and interpreting. --- Traducteurs --- Traduction et interprétation
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Dans son dernier essai, intitulé "Singularités" (éd. Odile Jacob, mai 2005), le prix Nobel Christian de Duve s'interroge sur la nature de la vie, son origine et son évolution. Sa réflexion, estime-t-il, "peut aussi guider nos explorations en quête de signes de vie dans notre galaxie ou ailleurs." Le ton est donné. Aujourd'hui, la communauté scientifique, à l'immense majorité, rejette les thèses d'un Monod pour qui "l'homme sait enfin qu'il est seul dans l'immensité indifférente de l'Univers d'où il a émergé par hasard." Désormais biologistes, astrophysiciens et mathématiciens affirment a contrario que "l'Univers est gros de la vie et que la vie est grosse de la pensée". Ce remarquable documentaire fait le point sur la question. Quelles sont les conditions nécessaires pour qu'une région de l'espace puisse accueillir la vie? Où chercher et de quelle manière pour repérer des êtres vivants élémentaires ou, à l'inverse, très évolués? Possédons-nous des indices d'une vie intelligente extraterrestre? Que faut-il penser du phénomène "ovni" ? Si les extraterrestres existent, à quoi pourraient-ils ressembler? Nous ont-ils déjà rendu visite? Une rencontre du troisième type constituerait-elle un désastre pour l'humanité, comme l'affirme le célèbre physicien Stephen Hawking? Extraits: "Le choc des civilisations dans l'histoire de l'humanité" (Stephen Hawking, Astronome), Interviews: Prof. Debra Fisher (Chasseuse de planètes), Dr. Seth Shostak (Astronome en chef, Institut SETI), Dr. Dan Werthimer (Astronome), Prof. Antony Hewish (Astronome), Prof. David Grinspoon (Planétologue), Dr Penelope Boston (Astrobiologiste), Joel Hagen (Spécialiste des effets spéciaux), John Lundberg (Auteur de canulars).
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