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Pre-Columbian [American]

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Ethnology. Cultural anthropology --- History as a science --- history [discipline] --- plays [performing arts compositions] --- Pre-Columbian [American] --- Maya [culture or style] --- Guatemala --- Mexico

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For the same reasons that explorers of the early twentieth century strove to reach the poles, and their modern counterparts journey to outer space, most people want to visualize the contours of the human experience - the peaks of adaptive success that led to the expansion of civilization, and the troughs in which human presence ebbed. The Backbone of History defines the emerging field of macrobioarchaeology by gathering skeletal evidence on seven basic indicators of health to assess chronic conditions that affected individuals who lived in the Western Hemisphere from 5000 BC to the late nineteenth century. Signs of biological stress in childhood and of degeneration in joints and in teeth increased in the several millennia before the arrival of Columbus as populations moved into less healthy ecological environments. Thus, pre-Colombian Native Americans were among the healthiest and the least healthy groups to live in the Western Hemisphere before the twentieth century.

European Americans --- African Americans --- Human remains (Archaeology) --- Indians --- Health and hygiene --- History --- Food --- America --- Antiquities --- Congresses --- Aborigines, American --- American aborigines --- American Indians --- Amerindians --- Amerinds --- Pre-Columbian Indians --- Precolumbian Indians --- Ethnology --- Skeletal remains (Archaeology) --- Human skeleton --- Primate remains (Archaeology) --- Europeans --- Whites --- Afro-Americans --- Black Americans --- Colored people (United States) --- Negroes --- Africans --- Blacks --- Civilization --- Americas --- New World --- Western Hemisphere --- Bioarchaeology --- Indigenous peoples --- Black people --- White people --- Arts and Humanities --- #A0507HI

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Diseases and history --- Indians --- Military art and science --- Americas - General --- Regions & Countries - Americas --- History & Archaeology --- Military history --- Naval history --- Aborigines, American --- American aborigines --- American Indians --- Amerindians --- Amerinds --- Pre-Columbian Indians --- Precolumbian Indians --- Ethnology --- Indigenous peoples --- Diseases --- History and diseases --- History --- First contact with Europeans --- Civilization --- Influence on history --- First contact with other peoples --- America --- Europe --- Territorial expansion. --- Colonies --- Council of Europe countries --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia --- History.

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This is a book about the biological conquest of the New World. Taking as a case study the sixteenth-century history of a region of highland central Mexico, it shows how the environmental and social changes brought about by the introduction of Old World species aided European expansion. The book spells out in detail the environmental changes associated with the introduction of Old World grazing animals into New World ecosystems, demonstrates how these changes enabled the Spanish takeover of land, and explains how environmental changes shaped the colonial societies.

Sheep --- Animal introduction --- Grazing --- Pastoral systems --- Human ecology --- Indians of Mexico --- Ecology --- History --- Environmental aspects --- Mezquital Valley (Hidalgo, Mexico) --- Mexico --- Environmental conditions --- -Grazing --- -Pastoral systems --- -Sheep --- -Animal introductions --- Animal translocation --- Animal translocations --- Exotic animal introduction --- Introduction of animals --- Introductions of animals --- Translocation of animals --- Translocations of animals --- Acclimatization --- Zoology, Economic --- Pest introduction --- Domestic sheep --- Ovis aries --- Red sheep --- Ovis --- Shepherds --- Wool --- Herding systems --- Pastoralism --- Animal culture --- Livestock systems --- Herding --- Animal feeding --- Range management --- Rangelands --- -Valle del Mezquital (Hidalgo, Mexico) --- -Environmental conditions --- -Human ecology --- -Indians of Mexico --- -Domestic sheep --- Indians of North America --- Indigenous peoples --- Meso-America --- Meso-American Indians --- Mesoamerica --- Mesoamerican Indians --- Pre-Columbian Indians --- Precolumbian Indians --- Environment, Human --- Human beings --- Human environment --- Animal introductions --- -History --- -Environmental aspects --- -Ecology --- -Ethnology --- Social aspects --- Meksiko --- Stany Zjednoczone Meksyku --- Meksyk --- Estados Unidos Mexicanos --- Meḳsiḳe --- Mexique (Country) --- Messico --- Méjico --- República Mexicana --- United States of Mexico --- United Mexican States --- Anáhuac --- メキシコ --- Mekishiko --- מקסיקו --- Livestock --- Herders --- Ethnology --- Ecological engineering --- Human geography --- Nature --- Agricultural systems --- Pastures --- Zoogeography --- Effect of environment on --- Effect of human beings on --- Valle del Mezquital (Hidalgo, Mexico) --- History. --- Spanish colony, 1540-1810 --- 16th century --- Conquest, 1519-1540 --- Sheep - Mexico - Mezquital Valley (Hidalgo) - Ecology - History - 16th century. --- Animal introduction - Environmental aspects - Mexico - Mezquital Valley (Hidalgo) - History - 16th century. --- Grazing - Environmental aspects - Mexico - Mezquital Valley (Hidalgo) - History - 16th century. --- Pastoral systems - Environmental aspects - Mexico - Mezquital Valley (Hidalgo) - History - 16th century. --- Human ecology - Mexico - Mezquital Valley (Hidalgo) - History - 16th century. --- Indians of Mexico - Mexico - Mezquital Valley (Hidalgo) - History - 16th century. --- Mezquital Valley (Hidalgo, Mexico) - Environmental conditions - History. --- Mexico - History - Conquest, 1519-1540. --- History of Mexico --- anno 1500-1599 --- Social Sciences --- Anthropology --- Sheep - Ecology - Mexico - Mezquital Valley (Hidalgo) - History - 16th century --- Animal introduction - Environmental aspects - Mexico - Mezquital Valley (Hidalgo) - History - 16th century --- Grazing - Environmental aspects - Mexico - Mezquital Valley (Hidalgo) - History - 16th century --- Pastoral systems - Environmental aspects - Mexico - Mezquital Valley (Hidalgo) - History - 16th century --- Human ecology - Mexico - Mezquital Valley (Hidalgo) - History - 16th century --- Indians of Mexico - Mexico - Mezquital Valley (Hidalgo) - History - 16th century --- Mezquital Valley (Hidalgo, Mexico) - Environmental conditions - History --- Mexico - History - Conquest, 1519-1540 --- Mexico - History - Spanish colony, 1540-1810