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Marchak departs significantly from mainstream explanations of genocide, rejecting racism as a fundamental cause and disputing a wide range of other explanations that cite racist and religious ideologies, perception of threat, authoritarianism, and unique historical circumstances as primary causes. She argues that while these variables may be contributing factors, states move toward human rights crimes because their governments can no longer sustain a particular social hierarchy. Reasons for their paralysis may be economic, environmental, demographic, or purely political. In an attempt to re-establish the former status quo, they turn against groups low on the hierarchical scale, some of which may be defined in ethnic terms. If governments come into power as revolutionary forces, they may commit such crimes in order to establish a new social hierarchy. Other necessary but insufficient conditions for state crimes include the military capacity for committing mass murder, the creation of ideology that justifies such action, and the failure of independent institutions such as the mass media and universities to counter ideological and military forces. Reigns of Terror is highly accessible and aimed at an audience of senior undergraduates, graduate students, and faculty in the social sciences, as well as a more general reading public concerned about the many state-sponsored crimes against humanity still occurring in the world.

Crimes against humanity. --- Genocide --- Political atrocities --- Atrocities --- Cleansing, Ethnic --- Ethnic cleansing --- Ethnic purification --- Ethnocide --- Purification, Ethnic --- Crime --- Sociology of genocide --- Sociology --- International crimes --- War crimes --- Sociological aspects. --- History

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World War, 1939-1945 --- War crimes --- Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) --- National socialism --- Mass murder --- 2ème guerre mondiale --- Crimes de guerre --- Holocauste, 1939-1945 --- Nazisme --- Meurtre multiple --- Atrocities. --- History --- History --- Atrocités --- Histoire --- Histoire

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Crimes against humanity --- Criminal justice, Administration of --- Criminal liability --- International criminal courts --- War crimes --- Crime --- Criminal courts --- International courts --- Complementarity (International law) --- Accountability, Criminal --- Criminal accountability --- Criminal responsibility --- Liability, Criminal --- Responsibility, Criminal --- Liability (Law) --- Administration of criminal justice --- Justice, Administration of --- Criminal law --- Criminals --- International crimes --- Genocide --- Law and legislation --- Criminal liability (International law) --- International law

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Dealing with the protection of human rights in international criminal proceedings, this book's basic assumption is that human rights are the yardstick against which to measure the conformity of international criminal proceedings with the rule of law and fundamental principles of justice.

Crimes against humanity --- International criminal courts --- International crimes --- Human rights --- Law, Politics & Government --- International Law --- Law, General & Comparative --- Treaties, International --- Basic rights --- Civil rights (International law) --- Rights, Human --- Rights of man --- Human security --- Transitional justice --- Truth commissions --- Crimes, International --- International crime --- International offenses --- Crime --- Criminal courts --- International courts --- Complementarity (International law) --- Genocide --- War crimes --- Law and legislation

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The Elements of War Crimes will assist the International Criminal Court (ICC) in the interpretation and application of the articles of the ICC Statute defining the crimes under its jurisdiction. These will not only be necessary for the future work of the ICC in interpreting the crimes provisions, but also for national courts, which have primary responsibility in the prosecution of international crimes under the Rome Statute. This commentary provides a critical insight into the travaux préparatoires of the Preparatory Commission leading to the adoption of the elements of war crimes. It contains an analysis of existing case law related to each war crime in the Statute. It will provide States, judges, prosecutors and international and national lawyers with key background information to implement international humanitarian law in future cases dealing with war crimes under the ICC. A unique, indispensable tool for prosecuting and defense lawyers working in international criminal law.

War crimes --- International criminal courts --- Crimes de guerre --- Tribunaux criminels internationaux --- International Criminal Court --- Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court --- Statut de Rome de la Cour pénale internationale --- Criminal courts --- International courts --- Complementarity (International law) --- Estatuto de Roma de la Corte Penal Internacional --- Estatuto de Roma do Tribunal Penal Internacional --- Rimski statut Međunarodnoga kaznenog suda --- Roma Statuta of the International Criminal Court --- Rome Statute for the International Criminal Court --- Statuta Mahkamah Pidana Internasional --- Statuta Roma Mahkamah Pidana Internasional --- Statute of the International Criminal Court --- Undang-Undang Roma Tentang Pengadilan Pidana Internasional --- UU Roma Tentang Pengadilan Pidana Internasional --- Statuta Roma tahun 1998 Tentang Mahkamah Pidana Internasional --- Statuta Roma 1998 --- Crime --- International Criminal Court. --- Law --- General and Others --- War crimes. --- International criminal courts.