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In this work, the principles and methods of geomorphopedology used as landscape comprehension "keys", have been evaluated and implemented in order to develop and put forward an integrated cartography of the steppic environment. The observations and surveys inherent to this method highlight the relations between the landscape forms, superficial formations, correlated soils, vegetation, and farming systems developed by the local populations. This approach has proved to be extremely well suited to understanding the soil genesis and in particular the shape of the associated calcareous accumulations in function of space and in time factors. The findings of specific analyses carried out using methods and techniques of several disciplines (mineralogy, micromorphology, palynology and C14 dating) throw light on the desertification process in space and time. For instance, analysis of pollen samples on soils of terraces from the Holocene (old and recent Rharbian) to the present time, have shown the clear dominance of a tree vegetation during the Neolithic period and its gradual decline. This implies that a progressive aridification of the climate has occurred since the Neolithic period (old Rharbian). This can be considered as a primary cause of the degradation of the steppic environment, making it more sensitive to the impact of anthropic factors.

Steppes --- Geomorphology --- Soil sciences --- soil genesis --- land use --- Landscape --- Desertification. --- Desertification --- Palynology --- Climatology --- human population --- Environmental impact --- Algeria

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In a regional history of colonization and adaptation in southern Ukraine, Staples examines how diverse agrarian groups, faced with common environmental, economic, and administrative conditions, followed sharply divergent paths of development.

Land settlement --- Steppes --- Resettlement --- Settlement of land --- Colonies --- Land use, Rural --- Human settlements --- Grasslands --- Government policy --- History. --- Molochna River Region (Ukraine) --- Colonization