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This report deals with public sector research. It provides a comprehensive review of the challenges that call for changes in the governance of OECD countries’ science systems. It highlights emerging policy responses developed in these countries indicating better practices to deal with the challenges, and draws policy lessons that can inspire the reform process. Supporting chapters provide detailed descriptions and analyses of the structures of science systems, the procedures for priority setting, the changes to funding, and the management of human resources in R&D.

Research. --- Research --- Science --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Sciences - General --- Management --- Finance --- Personnel management --- Science research --- Scientific research --- Natural science --- Science of science --- Sciences --- Research management --- Information services --- Learning and scholarship --- Methodology --- Research teams --- Science. --- Management. --- Finance. --- Personnel management. --- Natural sciences

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Combinatorics is one of the fastest growing fields of mathematics. One reason for this is because many practical problems can be modeled and then efficiently solved using combinatorial theory. This real world motivation for studying algorithmic combinatorics has led not only to the development of many software packages but also to some beautiful mathematics which has no direct application to applied problems. This book highlights a few of the exciting recent developments in algorithmic combinatorics, including the search for patterns in DNA and protein sequences, the theory of semi-definite programming and its role in combinatorial optimization, and the algorithmic aspects of tree decompositions and it's applications to the theory of databases, code optimization, and bioinformatics. Claudia Linhares-Sales is Assistant Professor of Computer Science at the Federal University of Cear, Brazil. Bruce Reed is Canada Research Chair in Graph Theory at the School of Computer Science of McGill University.

Combinatorial analysis. --- Combinatorics. --- Computer software. --- Discrete Mathematics. --- Algorithm Analysis and Problem Complexity. --- Operations Research, Management Science. --- Discrete mathematics. --- Algorithms. --- Operations research. --- Management science. --- Quantitative business analysis --- Management --- Problem solving --- Operations research --- Statistical decision --- Operational analysis --- Operational research --- Industrial engineering --- Management science --- Research --- System theory --- Algorism --- Algebra --- Arithmetic --- Combinatorics --- Mathematical analysis --- Discrete mathematical structures --- Mathematical structures, Discrete --- Structures, Discrete mathematical --- Numerical analysis --- Foundations

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Queues and stochastic networks are analyzed in this book with purely probabilistic methods. The purpose of these lectures is to show that general results from Markov processes, martingales or ergodic theory can be used directly to study the corresponding stochastic processes. Recent developments have shown that, instead of having ad-hoc methods, a better understanding of fundamental results on stochastic processes is crucial to study the complex behavior of stochastic networks. In this book, various aspects of these stochastic models are investigated in depth in an elementary way: Existence of equilibrium, characterization of stationary regimes, transient behaviors (rare events, hitting times) and critical regimes, etc. A simple presentation of stationary point processes and Palm measures is given. Scaling methods and functional limit theorems are a major theme of this book. In particular, a complete chapter is devoted to fluid limits of Markov processes.

Queuing theory --- Stochastic analysis --- Files d'attente, Théorie des --- Analyse stochastique --- Queuing theory. --- Stochastic analysis. --- Files d'attente, Théorie des --- Probabilities. --- Operations research. --- Management science. --- Probability Theory and Stochastic Processes. --- Operations Research, Management Science. --- Quantitative business analysis --- Management --- Problem solving --- Operations research --- Statistical decision --- Operational analysis --- Operational research --- Industrial engineering --- Management science --- Research --- System theory --- Probability --- Statistical inference --- Combinations --- Mathematics --- Chance --- Least squares --- Mathematical statistics --- Risk

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Starting with illustrative real-world examples, this book exposes in a tutorial way algorithms for numerical optimization: fundamental ones (Newtonian methods, line-searches, trust-region, sequential quadratic programming, etc.), as well as more specialized and advanced ones (nonsmooth optimization, decomposition techniques, and interior-point methods). Most of these algorithms are explained in a detailed manner, allowing straightforward implementation. Theoretical aspects are addressed with care, often using minimal assumptions. The present version contains substantial changes with respect to the first edition. Part I on unconstrained optimization has been completed with a section on quadratic programming. Part II on nonsmooth optimization has been thoroughly reorganized and expanded. In addition, nontrivial application problems have been inserted, in the form of computational exercises. These should help the reader to get a better understanding of optimization methods beyond their abstract description, by addressing important features to be taken into account when passing to implementation of any numerical algorithm. This level of detail is intended to familiarize the reader with some of the crucial questions of numerical optimization: how algorithms operate, why they converge, difficulties that may be encountered and their possible remedies. .

Numerical methods of optimisation --- Operational research. Game theory --- Mathematical optimization --- Computer algorithms. --- Mathematical optimization. --- Numerical analysis --- Data processing. --- Computer algorithms --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Applied Mathematics --- Data processing --- Operations research. --- Management science. --- Calculus of variations. --- Numerical analysis. --- Algorithms. --- Computer science—Mathematics. --- Optimization. --- Operations Research, Management Science. --- Calculus of Variations and Optimal Control; Optimization. --- Numerical Analysis. --- Algorithm Analysis and Problem Complexity. --- Mathematics of Computing. --- Algorism --- Algebra --- Arithmetic --- Mathematical analysis --- Isoperimetrical problems --- Variations, Calculus of --- Maxima and minima --- Quantitative business analysis --- Management --- Problem solving --- Operations research --- Statistical decision --- Operational analysis --- Operational research --- Industrial engineering --- Management science --- Research --- System theory --- Optimization (Mathematics) --- Optimization techniques --- Optimization theory --- Systems optimization --- Simulation methods --- System analysis --- Foundations --- Optimisation mathématique

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Stochastic processes. --- Queuing theory. --- Markov processes. --- Probability theory --- Stochastic processes --- Queuing theory --- Markov processes --- Processus stochastiques --- Files d'attente, Théorie des --- Markov, Processus de --- EPUB-LIV-FT SPRINGER-B --- Mathematics. --- Operations research. --- Decision making. --- Management science. --- Probabilities. --- Industrial engineering. --- Production engineering. --- Probability Theory and Stochastic Processes. --- Operations Research, Management Science. --- Industrial and Production Engineering. --- Operation Research/Decision Theory. --- Distribution (Probability theory. --- Operations Research/Decision Theory. --- Deciding --- Decision (Psychology) --- Decision analysis --- Decision processes --- Making decisions --- Management --- Management decisions --- Choice (Psychology) --- Problem solving --- Manufacturing engineering --- Process engineering --- Industrial engineering --- Mechanical engineering --- Management engineering --- Simplification in industry --- Engineering --- Value analysis (Cost control) --- Quantitative business analysis --- Operations research --- Statistical decision --- Operational analysis --- Operational research --- Management science --- Research --- System theory --- Probability --- Statistical inference --- Combinations --- Mathematics --- Chance --- Least squares --- Mathematical statistics --- Risk --- Decision making --- Analysis, Markov --- Chains, Markov --- Markoff processes --- Markov analysis --- Markov chains --- Markov models --- Models, Markov --- Processes, Markov --- Erlang traffic formula --- Queueing theory --- Theory of queues --- Waiting-line theory --- Production scheduling --- Random processes --- Probabilities