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Black leaf Streak or Black Sigatoka caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet is among the most devastating disease of banana and plantain worldwide. The objective of this study was the characterization of the toxins producted by that pathogen in view of their possible use as early screening agents of resistant genotypes. Column chromatography allowed separating 4 bioactive fractions in the etyl acetate crude extracts of culture filtrates of Mycospharella fijiensis as revealed by the induction of necrosis on banana leaf and by chlorophyll fluorescence of leaf tissues after the injection of the toxins. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed the presence of juglone in the first fraction. The analysis of the fraction L gave rise to 5 subfractions but did not reveal any of the M. fijiensis metabolites already reported. Two of these peaks were identified as the 2-hydroxy-3methyl pentanoïc acid methyl ester and propanedoic acid methyl ester. Different banana genotypes were used to compare their susceptibility to M. fijiensis metabolites and their sensitivity to the infection by the pathogen. The ranking of these genotypes for their sensitivity to ETB and juglone was the same whatever the bioassay (induction of necrosis, the chlorophyll fluorescence or the measurement of the Hill reaction on isolated chloroplasts). The more resistant gnotypes to juglone (Fougamou, Pisang madu, M53 and Klutuk) appeared also resistant to the infection although some cultivars resistant to M. fijiensis are susceptible to juglone. Globally these results suggest that juglone could allow identifying the more resistant genotypes to the infection. The possible role of juglone in the pathogenesis of M. fijiensis is discussed.

Musa --- Musa --- Mycosphaerella --- Mycosphaerella --- Toxins --- Toxins --- pathogenesis --- pathogenesis --- Laboratory diagnosis --- Laboratory diagnosis --- genotypes --- genotypes --- Disease resistance --- Disease resistance

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horses --- Trypanosoma --- diagnosis --- genetic markers --- Disease resistance --- Dourine --- Trypanosoma evansi --- Trypanosoma brucei --- Trypanosome --- Trypanosome

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Malus --- Malus --- Venturia (fungus) --- Venturia (fungus) --- Disease resistance --- Disease resistance --- genotypes --- genotypes --- Crossbreeding --- Crossbreeding --- Plant propagation --- Plant propagation --- In vitro culture --- In vitro culture --- In vivo experimentation --- In vivo experimentation

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Triticum --- Triticum --- breeding methods --- breeding methods --- Plant diseases --- Plant diseases --- pests of plants --- pests of plants --- Disease resistance --- Disease resistance --- Pest resistance --- Pest resistance --- Weeds --- Weeds --- Agricultural development --- Agricultural development --- Developing countries --- Developing countries --- research projects --- research projects --- Great Britain --- Great Britain

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Humans share a common template for innate immunity-the first-line defense that serves to limit infection immediately after exposure to microorganisms-with life forms as diverse as flowering plants and insects. In Innate Immunity, leading basic researchers explore host-pathogen interactions across an evolutionary spectrum to elucidate the origins of the human defense system against infection. Bringing together the latest research in the field, the authors review four significant research areas: plant immunity, invertebrate host defense immunity, pattern recognition receptors in mammalian host defense, and the links between innate and adaptive immunity in mammals. They find that the similarities among insect, plant, and mammalian immunological systems shed light on the complex mechanisms involved in adaptive immunity, thereby increasing our understanding of mammalian host defense. Their description of various systems, pathways, molecules, and proteins engaged in the process of host defense suggests that innate and adaptive immunity can no longer be seen as two different systems, but rather as working in tandem to surround and destroy foreign agents that enter the body. The authors also discuss those templates of innate immunity found in primitive systems that are now driving most novel research on human innate immunity. Innovative and cutting-edge, Innate Immunity demonstrates new ways to explore this system in plants, invertebrates, and mammals, and, by illuminating the dynamic interplay between infectious agents and host defense, clearly reveals the potential for improved therapies to treat infectious diseases.

Immunology, Comparative. --- Natural immunity. --- Immunity, Natural --- physiology. --- Electronic books. -- local. --- Natural immunity --- Immunology, Comparative --- Immunity --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Immune System Phenomena --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Phenomena and Processes --- Immunity, Innate --- Physiology --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Physiology. --- Disease resistance --- Host resistance --- Innate immunity --- Innate resistance --- Native immunity --- Natural resistance --- Nonspecific immunity --- Resistance to disease --- Comparative immunology --- Immunology. --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- IMMUNITY, NATURAL --- PHYSIOLOGY