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Cholera, although it can kill an adult through dehydration in half a day, is easily treated. Yet in 1992-93, some five hundred people died from cholera in the Orinoco Delta of eastern Venezuela. In some communities, a third of the adults died in a single night, as anthropologist Charles Briggs and Clara Mantini-Briggs, a Venezuelan public health physician, reveal in their frontline report. Why, they ask in this moving and thought-provoking account, did so many die near the end of the twentieth century from a bacterial infection associated with the premodern past?It was evident that the number of deaths resulted not only from inadequacies in medical services but also from the failure of public health officials to inform residents that cholera was likely to arrive. Less evident were the ways that scientists, officials, and politicians connected representations of infectious diseases with images of social inequality. In Venezuela, cholera was racialized as officials used anthropological notions of "culture" in deflecting blame away from their institutions and onto the victims themselves. The disease, the space of the Orinoco Delta, and the "indigenous ethnic group" who suffered cholera all came to seem somehow synonymous. One of the major threats to people's health worldwide is this deadly cycle of passing the blame. Carefully documenting how stigma, stories, and statistics circulate across borders, this first-rate ethnography demonstrates that the process undermines all the efforts of physicians and public health officials and at the same time contributes catastrophically to epidemics not only of cholera but also of tuberculosis, malaria, AIDS, and other killers. The authors have harnessed their own outrage over what took place during the epidemic and its aftermath in order to make clear the political and human stakes involved in the circulation of narratives, resources, and germs.

Cholera --- Epidemiology. --- Social aspects --- 1990s. --- 20th century. --- aids. --- anthropologists. --- bacterial infection. --- cholera. --- cultural anthropology. --- cultural perspective. --- diseases. --- epidemics. --- ethnographers. --- ethnography. --- health threats. --- infectious diseases. --- malaria. --- medical community. --- medical services. --- orinoco delta. --- physicians. --- public health officials. --- racial prejudices. --- racial profiling. --- retrospective. --- social impact. --- social inequality. --- social stigma. --- thought provoking. --- tuberculosis. --- venezuela. --- victim blame.

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In the late 1990's, economic and financial crises raged through East Asia, devastating economies that had previously been considered among the strongest in the developing world. The crises eventually spread to Russia, Turkey, and Latin America, and impacted the economies of many industrialized nations as well. In today's increasingly interdependent world, finding ways to reduce the risk of future crises-and to improve the management of crises when they occur-has become an international policy challenge of paramount importance. This book rises to that challenge, presenting accessible papers and commentaries on the topic not only from leading academic economists, but also from high-ranking government officials (in both industrial and developing nations), senior policymakers at international institutions, and major financial investors. Six non-technical papers, each written by a specialist in the topic, provide essential economic background, introducing sections on exchange rate regimes, financial policies, industrial country policies, IMF stabilization policies, IMF structural programs, and creditor relations. Next, personal statements from the major players give firsthand accounts of what really went on behind the scenes during the crises, giving us a rare glimpse into how international economic policy decisions are actually made. Finally, wide-ranging discussions and debates sparked by these papers and statements are summarized at the end of each section. The result is an indispensable overview of the key issues at work in these crises, written by the people who move markets and reshape economies, and accessible to not just economists and policymakers, but also to educated general readers. Contributors: Montek S. Ahluwalia, Domingo F. Cavallo, William R. Cline, Andrew Crockett, Michael P. Dooley, Sebastian Edwards, Stanley Fischer, Arminio Fraga, Jeffrey Frankel, Jacob Frenkel, Timothy F. Geithner, Morris Goldstein, Paul Keating, Mervyn King, Anne O. Krueger, Roberto Mendoza, Frederic S. Mishkin, Guillermo Ortiz, Yung Chul Park, Nouriel Roubini, Robert Rubin, Jeffrey Sachs, Ammar Siamwalla, George Soros

International finance --- Business cycles --- Financial crises --- Economic stabilization --- Economic policy --- International Monetary Fund --- LDC / Developping Countries - Pays En Développement --- 333.432.8 --- 333.425 --- 333.481 --- -Economic stabilization --- -Economic policy --- -338.542 --- Economic nationalism --- Economic planning --- National planning --- State planning --- Economics --- Planning --- National security --- Social policy --- Adjustment, Economic --- Business stabilization --- Economic adjustment --- Stabilization, Economic --- Crashes, Financial --- Crises, Financial --- Financial crashes --- Financial panics --- Panics (Finance) --- Stock exchange crashes --- Stock market panics --- Crises --- Internationale monetaire organisatie. Internationaal Muntfonds. Algemene leningovereenkomsten. --- Metalen geld. --- Monetaire crisissen, hervormingen, saneringen en stabilisering. --- Mezhdunarodnyĭ vali︠u︡tnyĭ fond --- Международный валютный фонд --- Miz︠h︡narodnyĭ vali︠u︡tnyĭ fond --- Fundo Monetário Internacional --- Fondo Monetario Internacional --- IMF (International Monetary Fund) --- FMI (International Monetary Fund) --- Internationaler Währungsfonds --- Kokusai Tsūka Kikin --- Fonds monétaire international --- Kukche Tʻonghwa Kigŭm --- Kansainvälinen Valuuttarahasto --- Kuo chi huo pi chi chin --- Fondul Monetar International --- Ṣundūq al-Naqd al-Dawlī --- Fondo M. Internacional --- IWF (International Monetary Fund) --- Kō̜ngthun Kānngœ̄n rawāng Prathēt --- MVF (International Monetary Fund) --- Międzynarodowy Fundusz Walutowy --- Mulya Aramudala --- I.M.F. (International Monetary Fund) --- Quỹ tiè̂n tệ quó̂c té̂ --- Nemzetközi Valuta Alap --- صندوق النقد الدولي --- 国际货币基金组织 --- 国際通貨基金 --- 國際貨幣基金組織 --- Fundu Monetariu Internacional --- Ṣundūq al-Naqd al-Duwalī --- DNT (Organization) --- Economic policy. --- Economic policy - Congresses. --- Economic stabilization. --- Economic stabilization - Congresses. --- Financial crises - Congresses. --- Financial crises. --- Internationaal monetair fonds --- International monetary fund --- 338.542 --- Metalen geld --- Internationale monetaire organisatie. Internationaal Muntfonds. Algemene leningovereenkomsten --- Monetaire crisissen, hervormingen, saneringen en stabilisering --- IMF --- E-books --- Financial crises - Congresses --- Economic stabilization - Congresses --- Economic policy - Congresses --- International Monetary Fund - Congresses --- economy, economics, finance, money, wealth, income, marketplace, new, contemporary, modern, 21st century, crisis, history, historical, 1990s, asia, eastern world, developing, russia, turkey, latin america, international, global, industrial, policy, essay collection, academic, scholarly, research, government, investor, technical, imf, stabilization, structural.