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Photonics --- Nonlinear optics --- Photonique --- Optique non linéaire --- Optique non linéaire

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Quantum field theory --- Quantum optics --- Nonlinear optics --- Mathematical physics --- Physique mathématique --- Mathematical models --- Physique mathématique --- Quantum field theory - Mathematical models --- Quantum optics - Mathematical models --- Nonlinear optics - Mathematical models

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Charles Townes invented the maser and the laser, and was a pioneer in the use of spectroscopic techniques to determine the atomic composition of stars. This is the memoir of a life devoted to scientific research.

Lasers --- Masers --- Science and state --- Microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation --- Quantum mechanical amplifiers --- Electromagnetism --- Electron tubes --- Infrared sources --- Microwave amplifiers --- Microwave devices --- Optical pumping --- Quantum electronics --- Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation --- Masers, Optical --- Optical masers --- Light amplifiers --- Light sources --- Optoelectronic devices --- Nonlinear optics --- Optical parametric oscillators --- History.

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How fast and powerful can computers become? Will it be possible someday to create artificial brains that have intellectual capabilities comparable to those of human beings? The answers to these questions depend to a very great extent on a single factor: how small and dense we can make computer circuits. Very recently, scientists have achieved revolutionary advances that may very well radically change the future of computing. There are significant advantages to using biological molecules in a new computational paradigm, since nature has solved similar problems to those encountered in harnessing organic molecules to perform data manipulation. Biomolecules could be used as photonic devices in holography, as spatial light modulators, in neural network optical computing, as nonlinear optical devices, and as optical memories. Such computers may use a billion times less energy than electronic computers, while storing data in a trillionth of the space, while also being highly parallel. Research projects implemented by national and international groups have produced a large amount of data from multidisciplinary work, ranging from physics and engineering to chemistry and biology.

Molecular electronics --- Biosensors --- Biomolecules --- Electronique moléculaire --- Biocapteurs --- Biomolécules --- Congresses. --- Congrès --- Biochemistry. --- Physical chemistry. --- Lasers. --- Photonics. --- Materials science. --- Chemical engineering. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Physical Chemistry. --- Optics, Lasers, Photonics, Optical Devices. --- Characterization and Evaluation of Materials. --- Industrial Chemistry/Chemical Engineering. --- Chemistry, Industrial --- Engineering, Chemical --- Industrial chemistry --- Engineering --- Chemistry, Technical --- Metallurgy --- Material science --- Physical sciences --- New optics --- Optics --- Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation --- Masers, Optical --- Optical masers --- Light amplifiers --- Light sources --- Optoelectronic devices --- Nonlinear optics --- Optical parametric oscillators --- Chemistry, Theoretical --- Physical chemistry --- Theoretical chemistry --- Chemistry --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Medical sciences --- Composition

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The primary objective of this NATO Advanced Study Institute (ASI) was to present an up-to-date overview of various current areas of interest in the field of photovoltaic and related photoactive materials. This is a wide-ranging subject area, of significant commercial and environmental interest, and involves major contributions from the disciplines of physics, chemistry, materials, electrical and instrumentation engineering, commercial realisation etc. Therefore, we sought to adopt an inter­ disciplinary approach, bringing together recognised experts in the various fields while retaining a level of treatment accessible to those active in specific individual areas of research and development. The lecture programme commenced with overviews of the present relevance and historical development of the subject area, plus an introduction to various underlying physical principles of importance to the materials and devices to be addressed in later lectures. Building upon this, the ASI then progressed to more detailed aspects of the subject area. We were also fortunately able to obtain a contribution from Thierry Langlois d'Estaintot of the European Commission Directorate, describing present and future EC support for activities in this field. In addition, poster sessions were held throughout the meeting, to allow participants to present and discuss their current activities. These were supported by what proved to be very effective feedback sessions (special thanks to Martin Stutzmann), prior to which groups of participants enthusiastically met (often in the bar) to identify and agree topics of common interest.

Mechanical Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Mechanical Engineering - General --- Photoelectric cells --- Optoelectronic devices --- Solar cells --- Photovoltaic effect --- Materials --- Cellules photoélectriques --- Dispositifs optoélectroniques --- Cellules solaires --- Effet photovoltaïque --- Congresses. --- Congresses --- Congrès --- Matériaux --- Renewable energy resources. --- Electronic circuits. --- Optical materials. --- Electronic materials. --- Lasers. --- Photonics. --- Solid state physics. --- Spectroscopy. --- Microscopy. --- Renewable and Green Energy. --- Circuits and Systems. --- Optical and Electronic Materials. --- Optics, Lasers, Photonics, Optical Devices. --- Solid State Physics. --- Spectroscopy and Microscopy. --- Analysis, Microscopic --- Light microscopy --- Micrographic analysis --- Microscope and microscopy --- Microscopic analysis --- Optical microscopy --- Optics --- Analysis, Spectrum --- Spectra --- Spectrochemical analysis --- Spectrochemistry --- Spectrometry --- Spectroscopy --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Interferometry --- Radiation --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Absorption spectra --- Light --- Spectroscope --- Physics --- Solids --- New optics --- Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation --- Masers, Optical --- Optical masers --- Light amplifiers --- Light sources --- Nonlinear optics --- Optical parametric oscillators --- Electronic materials --- Electron-tube circuits --- Electric circuits --- Electron tubes --- Electronics --- Qualitative --- Analytical chemistry