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The aim of the study was to investigate if the presence or absence of a companion pig (pig in an adjoining pen during testing) systematically influenced the demand function for food or straw in growing pigs. The experiment was carried out in two phases. In one phase, the demand for food was tested (n = 10) and in another phase the demand for straw was tested (n = 10). A different set of test pigs was used in each phase. Pigs were tested daily in an experimental room consisting of two identical twin-pens (one for the test pig and one for the companion pig (if present)). The test pigs worked for a resource by pressing a panel on a fixed ratio (FR) schedule, while the companion pig (if present) was simply given the same amount of the resource each time the test pig earned one, The reward size was either 26 g of food or 500 g of straw. The experimental set-up was a cross-over design with all pigs working on both treatments (isolation/companion). Each period consisted of three identical runs of 4 FR-levels (food experiment: FIR 8, 20, 40, 60 and straw experiment: FR 2, 5, 10, 15). The results showed a steeper slope of the demand function when pigs were tested in isolation compared to when they were tested with a companion pig (slope of demand function: -0.11 +/- 0.01 versus -0.07 +/- 0.01) (F-1.58 = 4.2; P = 0.04). The slope of the demand function for straw was unaffected by social isolation, whereas the intensity y-intercept) of the demand function was higher when pigs were tested with a companion compared to in isolation (intercept of the demand function: 3.2 +/- 0.15 versus 3.0 +/- 0.15) (F-1.26 = 4.42; P = 0.04). The use of the straw was affected by FR level in that the time spent with each reward before a new reward was obtained increased with increasing FR (F-1.177 = 165 P < 0.0001). Similarly, the percentage of time during which the pigs interacted with the straw was higher when they were tested with a companion pig compared it) when the were tested in isol

Absence. --- Boxes. --- Conditioning. --- Confinement. --- Demand function. --- Demand functions. --- Demand. --- Deprivation. --- Design. --- Environment. --- Experiment. --- Facilitation. --- Feeding-behavior. --- Food. --- Function. --- Growing pigs. --- Growing-pigs. --- Housed growing pigs. --- Isolation. --- Level. --- Motivation. --- Need. --- Needs. --- Operant conditioning. --- Patterns. --- Pen. --- Pig. --- Pigs. --- Pregnant pigs. --- Priorities. --- Resources. --- Reward. --- Size. --- Social environment. --- Social isolation. --- Social-isolation. --- Social. --- Straw. --- Test. --- Time. --- Treatment. --- Welfare. --- Work.

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Nutrition --- Food Habits --- education --- Nutrition Physiology. --- Health Education. --- Food Habits. --- Societies, Scientific. --- Habitudes alimentaires --- Nutrition. --- Feeding Behavior. --- Voedingsgedrag. --- Gezondheidsvoorlichting en -opvoeding. --- Nutrition Science. --- Health Education --- Feeding Behavior --- Societies, Scientific --- Nutritional Physiological Phenomena. --- Alimentation --- Food --- American Psychological Association --- Scientific Societies --- Scientific Society --- Society, Scientific --- Diet Habits --- Eating Habits --- Dietary Habits --- Eating Behavior --- Feeding Patterns --- Behavior, Eating --- Behavior, Feeding --- Behaviors, Eating --- Behaviors, Feeding --- Diet Habit --- Dietary Habit --- Eating Behaviors --- Eating Habit --- Feeding Behaviors --- Feeding Pattern --- Food Habit --- Habit, Diet --- Habit, Dietary --- Habit, Eating --- Habit, Food --- Habits, Diet --- Habits, Dietary --- Habits, Eating --- Habits, Food --- Pattern, Feeding --- Patterns, Feeding --- Education, Community Health --- Health Education, Community --- Community Health Education --- Education, Health --- Health --- Nutrition Phenomena --- Nutrition Physiological Concepts --- Nutrition Physiological Phenomenon --- Nutrition Process --- Nutritional Phenomena --- Nutritional Physiological Phenomenon --- Nutritional Physiology --- Nutritional Physiology Concepts --- Nutritional Physiology Phenomenon --- Nutritional Process --- Nutritional Processes --- Nutrition Physiological Phenomena --- Nutrition Physiology --- Nutrition Processes --- Nutritional Physiology Phenomena --- Concept, Nutrition Physiological --- Concept, Nutritional Physiology --- Concepts, Nutrition Physiological --- Concepts, Nutritional Physiology --- Nutrition Physiological Concept --- Nutritional Physiology Concept --- Phenomena, Nutrition --- Phenomena, Nutrition Physiological --- Phenomena, Nutritional --- Phenomena, Nutritional Physiological --- Phenomena, Nutritional 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Behavior, Feeding-Related --- Feeding Related Behavior --- Feeding-Related Behaviors --- Nutritional Sciences. --- Nutritional Physiological Phenomena --- nutrition physiology. --- feeding behavior. --- feeding behaviour --- nutritional behavior --- biting rates --- browsing --- coprophagy --- engorgement --- entomophagy --- feeding frequency --- feeding patterns --- feeding preferences --- food reinforcement --- foraging --- geophagia --- grazing --- hematophagy --- nectar feeding --- scavenging behavior --- sugar feeding --- suspension feeding --- trophallaxis --- wildlife food habits --- aphidophagous predators --- eating habits --- functional response models --- grazing trials --- trophic levels --- trophic relationships --- Rural and Agricultural Sociology --- adult education --- agricultural education --- career education --- civic education --- community education --- consumer education --- continuing education --- cooking instruction --- curriculum --- dietetic education --- distance education --- early childhood education --- education programs --- educational institutions --- educational methods --- educational planning --- educational policy --- educational resources --- educational status --- elementary education --- environmental education --- extension education --- health education --- higher education --- medical education --- mentoring --- nutrition education --- parenthood education --- patient education --- professional education --- rural education and training --- science education --- secondary education --- special education --- teacher education --- technical training --- training (people) --- veterinary education --- vocational education --- educational research --- learning --- teachers --- nutrition --- physiology --- assimilation (physiology) --- digestion --- energy requirements --- ionome --- nutrient-nutrient interactions --- nutrient balance --- nutrient partitioning --- nutrient requirements --- nutrient reserves --- nutrient resorption (physiology) --- nutrient retention --- nutrient transport --- nutrient uptake --- nutrient utilization --- nutrition-genotype interaction --- nutrient deficiencies --- postprandial state

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Eating right has been an obsession for longer than we think. Renaissance Europe had its own flourishing tradition of dietary advice. Then, as now, an industry of experts churned out diet books for an eager and concerned public. Providing a cornucopia of information on food and an intriguing account of the differences between the nutritional logic of the past and our own time, this inviting book examines the wide-ranging dietary literature of the Renaissance. Ken Albala ultimately reveals the working of the Renaissance mind from a unique perspective: we come to understand a people through their

Food habits. --- Food habits - Europe - History. --- Gastronomy. --- Feeding Behavior --- Investigative Techniques --- Nutrition Therapy --- Sociology --- Population Characteristics --- Nutritional Physiological Phenomena --- Habits --- Therapeutics --- Health Care --- Social Sciences --- Behavior --- Physiological Phenomena --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms --- Phenomena and Processes --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Food Habits --- Socioeconomic Factors --- Diet --- Diet Therapy --- Recreation & Sports --- Diet Modification --- Therapy, Diet --- Diet Therapy, Restrictive --- Dietary Modification --- Dietary Restriction --- Restriction Diet Therapies --- Restriction Diet Therapy --- Restrictive Diet Therapies --- Restrictive Diet Therapy --- Diet Modifications --- Diet Therapies --- Diet Therapies, Restriction --- Diet Therapy, Restriction --- Dietary 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Food Habit --- Habit, Diet --- Habit, Dietary --- Habit, Eating --- Habit, Food --- Habits, Diet --- Pattern, Feeding --- Nutrition Disorders --- Behavior And Behavior Mechanism --- Physiological Concepts --- Physiological Phenomenon --- Physiological Process --- Physiological Processes --- Concept, Physiological --- Concepts, Physiological --- Phenomena, Physiological --- Phenomenas, Physiological --- Phenomenon, Physiological --- Physiological Concept --- Process, Physiological --- Processes, Physiological --- Acceptance Process --- Acceptance Processes --- Behaviors --- Process, Acceptance --- Processes, Acceptance --- Science, Social --- Sciences, Social --- Social Science --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical 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Disturbance --- Nutrition Phenomena --- Nutrition Physiological Concepts --- Nutrition Physiological Phenomenon --- Nutrition Process --- Nutritional Phenomena --- Nutritional Physiological Phenomenon --- Nutritional Physiology --- Nutritional Physiology Concepts --- Nutritional Physiology Phenomenon --- Nutritional Process --- Nutritional Processes --- Nutrition Physiological Phenomena --- Nutrition Physiology --- Nutrition Processes --- Nutritional Physiology Phenomena --- Concept, Nutrition Physiological --- Concept, Nutritional Physiology --- Concepts, Nutrition Physiological --- Concepts, Nutritional Physiology --- Nutrition Physiological Concept --- Nutritional Physiology Concept --- Phenomena, Nutrition --- Phenomena, Nutrition Physiological --- Phenomena, Nutritional --- Phenomena, Nutritional Physiological --- Phenomena, Nutritional Physiology --- Phenomenon, Nutrition Physiological --- Phenomenon, Nutritional Physiological --- Phenomenon, Nutritional Physiology --- 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Medical Nutrition --- Therapy, Nutrition --- Investigative Technics --- Investigative Technic --- Investigative Technique --- Technic, Investigative --- Technics, Investigative --- Technique, Investigative --- Techniques, Investigative --- therapeutic use --- diet therapy --- therapy --- Economic and Social Factors --- Social and Economic Factors --- Socioeconomic Characteristics --- Characteristic, Socioeconomic --- Socioeconomic Characteristic --- Food habits --- History.