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It has often been suggested that intraspecific dominance relationships are established through play. By analogy, it is also claimed that the outcome of competitive games can affect dog-human relationships. This paper experimentally tests the latter idea. Fourteen Golden Retrievers were each subjected to two treatments; 20 sessions of a tug-of-war game with the experimenter which they were allowed to win, and 20 sessions which they lost. Their relationship with the experimenter was assessed, via a composite behavioural test, once at the outset and once after each treatment. Principal components analysis allowed the 52 behavioural measures to be combined into nine underlying factors. Confidence (the factor most closely corresponding to conventional dominance) was unaffected by the treatments. Dogs scored higher for obedient attentiveness after play treatments, irrespective of whether they won or lost, and demandingness scores increased with familiarity of the test person. The 10 most playful dogs scored significantly higher for playful attention seeking after winning than after losing. We conclude that, in this population, dominance dimensions of the dog-human relationship are unaffected by the outcome of repetitive tug-of-war games. However, we suggest that the effects of games may be modified by the presence of play signals, and when these signals are absent or misinterpreted the outcome of games may have more serious consequences. Games may also assume greater significance for a minority of "potentially dominant" dogs.

Analysis. --- Attention. --- Behavioural test. --- Consequences. --- Dimension. --- Dimensions. --- Dog. --- Dogs. --- Dominance relationships. --- Dominance. --- Paper. --- Play. --- Population. --- Seeking. --- Test. --- Tests. --- Treatment.

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The problems in traditional horse keeping are focussed on lack in activity, lowered quality of air inside the stables, low frequency of feeding and restricted access to be in social contact with other horses. Consequences of the lowered activity are a decrease in training of tendons, skeleton and bone density, A relevant risk may be present particular if horses are just stabled and start to be trained. The inactivity of horses kept in isolated boxes delays or inhibits the adaptation of skeleton and muscle to the increasing work load. Dust and ammonia burdened air condition badly influences the respiratory system, while the common indoor feeding frequency (2-3 meals/day) is in contrast to the ingestion behaviour of horses on posture. Here similar to2/3 of the time budget is covered by feed intake associated with continuous movement. Particular offering concentrates in a few meals/day creates risk for digestive disorders including gastric ulcers and discrepancies in behaviour. Those are in addition promoted by the isolation of horses in boxes without social contact to other individuals. New concepts in housing and feeding management supported by computer technology can help to solve the described disadvantages associated with keeping horses in boxes. The so called multi room group stabling system stimulates the degree and spectrum of activity of horses within a group by spaced organisation of the function areas roughage-, concentrate intake, watering, rest room, walking area, A computerized feeding system enables the management to distribute the feed over a high number of meals. That in part simulates the continuous feed intake and passage of ingesta through the gastro-intestinal tract which is observed under natural conditions like posture. By reason of the advantages in relation to ethology, digestive physiology and thereby to general health of the horse, alternative housing and feeding systems like that here described will be more intensively recognized in f

Access. --- Activity. --- Adaptation. --- Alternative housing. --- Ammonia. --- Area. --- Behaviour. --- Bone. --- Boxes. --- Computer. --- Consequences. --- Contact. --- Density. --- Disorder. --- Ethology. --- Feed-intake. --- Feeding technique. --- Feeding. --- Foals. --- Frequency. --- Function areas. --- Function. --- Group. --- Health. --- Horse. --- Horses. --- Housing management. --- Housing. --- Inactivity. --- Isolation. --- Kept. --- Management. --- Meal. --- Movement. --- Natural. --- Physiology. --- Posture. --- Quality. --- Respiratory. --- Risk. --- Roughage. --- Social contact. --- Social. --- Spectrum. --- Stable housing. --- System. --- Systems. --- Time budget. --- Time. --- Training. --- Ulcer. --- Walking. --- Work.

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The information technology (IT) revolution has arrived, but how much will it change the world? It has been established that IT is contributing to labor productivity growth through both increases in the levels of IT capital per worker and total factor productivity (TFP) growth in the production of IT equipment. The main outstanding issue is whether IT is contributing to TFP growth more generally. Using data on IT expenditure and production for a broad sample of countries, we find a positive, large, and significant effect of IT expenditure on the acceleration in TFP in the late 1990s and a smaller-and significant-effect of IT production. We also find evidence that the impact of IT expenditure on TFP growth increases over time, suggesting that spillovers materialize gradually. Our results suggest that the increase in IT expenditure across industrial countries during 1995-2000 will eventually lead to an average increase in TFP growth of about one-third of 1 percent per year.

Production and Operations Management --- Data Processing --- Technological Change: Choices and Consequences --- Diffusion Processes --- Comparative Studies of Countries --- Production --- Cost --- Capital and Total Factor Productivity --- Capacity --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- Macroeconomics: Production --- Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology --- Computer Programs: General --- Macroeconomics --- Data capture & analysis --- Total factor productivity --- Capital productivity --- Labor productivity --- Productivity --- Data processing --- Economic and financial statistics --- Industrial productivity --- Electronic data processing --- United States

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sectes --- prévention --- enfants et adolescents --- la santé physique et mentale des enfants --- réinsertion sociale --- méthodes et outils pédagogiques pour la prévention --- la protection des enfants sur le plan du droit civil et pénal --- Norvège --- helping second generation ex-members enter society after leaving isolated religious communities --- new religious movements --- NRM --- 'Save the children - project GO ON' --- Belgique --- CIGS --- FECRIS --- France --- la laïcité face au projet éducatif des mouvements sectaires --- la Mission interministérielle de Lutte contre les Sectes --- MILS --- le département de l'Education nationale en France --- Italie --- psychothérapie --- Scuola Europea di Terapia Ipnotica Amisi di Milano --- studio dell'abuso satanico ovvero sadomasochistico (SRA) nei vari cults --- Suisse --- Comité international pour la Dignité des Enfants --- CIDE --- la pédophilie --- crime organisé --- l'omniprésence d'éléments sectaires --- U.K. --- C.I.C. --- Cult Information Centre --- sectarianism --- human rights --- Espagne --- médecine --- AIS --- continguts doctrinals i control familiar --- manipulació psicologica --- victimologie --- la nuisance sectaire --- Faculté de médecine Lyon I --- droit français --- la maltraitance psychologique sectaire de l'enfant --- psychologue clinique --- l'Université de Buckingham Chilterns --- le fonctionnement psychologique entre la première et la seconde génération d'anciens adeptes de sectes --- Allemagne --- Centre de réhabilitation en Allemagne --- Sektenrehabilitation von Jugendlichen im 'Odenwälder Wohnhof' --- Projekt zur Krisenintervention bei Sektenaussteigern --- Faculty of Applied Social Sciences and Humanities - Buckinghamshire Chilterns University Collage --- Yougoslavie --- neuropsychiatrie et psychothérapie --- l'Association yougoslave pour le Droit en Médecine --- la manipulation mentale des sectes en Yougoslavie et conséquences sur les mineurs --- l'association KIDS à Leverkusen