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Even though access to credit is central to child labor theoretically, little work has been done to assess its importance empirically. Dehejia and Gatti examine the link between access to credit and child labor at a cross-country level. The authors measure child labor as a country aggregate, and proxy credit constraints by the level of financial market development. These two variables display a strong negative (unconditional) relationship. The authors show that even after they control for a wide range of variables-including GDP per capita, urbanization, initial child labor, schooling, fertility, legal institutions, inequality, and openness-this relationship remains strong and statistically significant. Moreover, they find that, in the absence of developed financial markets, households resort to child labor to cope with income variability. This evidence suggests that policies aimed at increasing households' access to credit could be effective in reducing child labor.

Child labor.

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Child labor --- Child labor --- Employment --- Employment --- Government policy

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Basu and Ray use the collective model of the household and show, theoretically, that as the woman's power rises, child labor will initially fall, but beyond a point it will tend to rise again. A household with a balanced power structure between the husband and the wife is least likely to send its children to work. An empirical test of this relationship using data from Nepal strongly corroborates the theoretical hypothesis. This paper-a product of the Office of the Senior Vice President, Development Economics-is part of a larger effort in the Bank to understand how gender affects development outcomes and to identify the causes of poverty. The authors may be contacted at kbasu@mit.edu or ranjan.ray@utas.edu.au.

Child labor. --- Utility theory --- Mathematical models.

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Despite its decline throughout the advanced industrial nations, child labor remains one of the major social, political, and economic concerns of modern times. This book considers the issue in three parts. The first section discusses child labor as a social and economic problem in America from an historical and theoretical perspective. The second part presents child labor as National Child Labor Committee investigators found it in major American industries and occupations, including coal mines, cotton textile mills, and sweatshops, in the early 1900s. Finally, the concluding section integrates these findings and attempts to apply them to child labor problems in America and the rest of the world today.

Child labor --- Kinderarbeid --- Travail des enfants --- Child labor. --- Enfants --- History. --- Travail --- Histoire --- Employment of children --- Children --- Labor --- Age and employment --- History --- Employment --- United States

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Age and employment --- Child labor --- Family-owned business enterprises --- Quality of life --- Social aspects