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The failure of declining trade-related costs to be reflected in estimates of the standard gravity model of bilateral trade might be called the "missing globalization puzzle." This puzzle is most apparent in the estimated distance coefficients found in the literature, which show no evidence of declining in absolute value over time. In contrast, we find evidence of globalization, on both cross-section and panel data, reflected in a variety of measures of geography. Our estimation procedure is consistent with recent theoretical developments that emphasize the importance of relative costs for determining bilateral trade patterns. But the main reason our findings differ from previous studies is our nonlinear specification, which has a number of advantages over the standard log-linear specification.

Econometrics --- Exports and Imports --- Globalization --- Trade: General --- Economic Integration --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Econometric Modeling: General --- Globalization: General --- International economics --- Econometrics & economic statistics --- Gravity models --- Plurilateral trade --- Trade liberalization --- Trade agreements --- Econometric analysis --- International trade --- Econometric models --- Commercial policy --- Commercial treaties --- United States

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Gene Grossman and Elhanan Helpman are widely acclaimed for their pioneering theoretical studies of how special interest groups seek to influence the policymaking process in democratic societies. This collection of eight of their previously published articles is a companion to their recent monograph, Special Interest Politics. It clarifies the origins of some of the key ideas in their monograph and shows how their methods can be used to illuminate policymaking in a critical area. Following an original introduction to the contents of the book and its relationship to Special Interest Politics, the first three chapters focus on campaign contributions and candidate endorsements--two of the tools that interest groups use in their efforts to influence policy outcomes. The remaining chapters present applications to trade policy issues. Grossman and Helpman demonstrate how the approaches developed in their monograph can shed light on tariff formation in small and large countries, on the conduct of multilateral trade negotiations, and on the viability of bilateral free trade agreements. They also examine the forms that regional and multilateral trade agreements are likely to take and the ways in which firms invest abroad to circumvent trade barriers induced by political pressures. The articles collected in this volume are required reading for anyone interested in international relations, trade policy, or political economy. They show why Grossman and Helpman are global leaders in the fields of international economics and political economy.

Pressure group --- Pressure groups. --- Commercial policy. --- United States. --- United States --- Commercial policy. --- Agenda setter. --- Aggregate welfare. --- Bandyopadhyay, U. --- Bernheim, B. D. --- Brock, W. A. --- Campaign contributions. --- Campaign spending. --- Common agency. --- Contributions to foreign governments. --- Differentiable contribution schedules. --- Electoral motive. --- Equilibrium trade agreements. --- Fixed positions. --- Free trade. --- Grossman, G. M. --- Helpman, E. --- Influence motive. --- Insiders (voters). --- Johnson, H. G. --- Jones, R. W. --- Lavergne, R. P. --- Lobbies. --- Local truthfulness. --- Mayer, W. --- Menu auction. --- Multilateral negotiations. --- NAFTA. --- Pliable policies. --- Pliable positions. --- Pressured stances. --- Quasi-linearity. --- Social-welfare function. --- Special Interest Politics. --- Tariff levels. --- Trade policies. --- Unilateral stances.

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World trade is governed by the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO sets rules of conduct for the international trade of goods and services and for intellectual property rights, provides a forum for multinational negotiations to resolve trade problems, and has a formal mechanism for dispute settlement. It is the primary institution working, through rule-based bargaining, at freeing trade.In this book, Kyle Bagwell and Robert Staiger provide an economic analysis and justification for the purpose and design of the GATT/WTO. They summarize their own research, discuss the major features of the GATT agreement, and survey the literature on trade agreements. Their focus on the terms-of-trade externality is particularly original and ties the book together. Topics include the theory of trade agreements, the origin and design of the GATT and the WTO, the principles of reciprocity, the most favored nation principle, terms-of-trade theory, enforcement, preferential trade agreements, labor and environmental standards, competition policy, and agricultural export subsidies.

International trade. --- Free trade. --- Foreign trade regulation. --- Commercial treaties. --- Tariff. --- Favored nation clause. --- Competition, International. --- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Organization) --- World Trade Organization. --- International competition --- World economics --- Most favored nation clause --- Ad valorem tariff --- Border taxes --- Customs (Tariff) --- Customs duties --- Duties --- Fees, Import --- Import controls --- Import fees --- Tariff on raw materials --- Trade agreements (Commerce) --- Export and import controls --- Foreign trade control --- Foreign trade regulation --- Import and export controls --- International trade --- International trade control --- International trade regulation --- Prohibited exports and imports --- Free trade and protection --- Trade, Free --- Trade liberalization --- External trade --- Foreign commerce --- Foreign trade --- Global commerce --- Global trade --- Trade, International --- World trade --- Law and legislation --- Biśva Bāṇijya Saṃsthā --- Dėlkhiĭn Khudaldaany Baĭguullaga --- DTÖ --- Dünya Ticaret Örgütü --- Munaẓẓamat al-Tijārah al-ʻĀlamīyah --- O.M.C. --- OMC --- ʻOngkān Kānkhā Lōk --- Organisation mondiale du commerce --- Organização Mundial do Comércio --- Organización Mundial de Comercio --- Organización Mundial del Comercio --- Organizația Mondială de Comerț --- Organizzazione mondiale del commercio --- Organizzazione mondiale per il commercio --- Qaṅgkār Bāṇijjakamm Bibhab Lok --- Sāzmān-i Tijārat-i Jahānī --- Shi jie mao yi zu zhi --- SOT --- Světová obchodní organizace --- Svitova orhanizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ torhivli --- Światowa Organizacja Handlu --- Tổ chức thương mại thế giới --- Viśva Vyapāra Saṅgaṭhana --- Vsemirnai︠a︡ torgovai︠a︡ organizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- VTO --- W.T.O. --- Welthandelsorganisation --- World Trade Organisation --- WTO --- منظمة التجارة العالمية --- 世界貿易組織 --- 世界贸易组织 --- Accord général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce (Organization) --- Acordo Geral de Tarifas e Comércio (Organization) --- Contracting Parties to GATT --- Contracting Parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade --- G.A.T.T. --- GĀT (Organization) --- GATT --- Generalʹnoe soglashenie po tarifam i torgovle (Organization) --- Genikē Symphōnia Dasmōn kai Emporiou --- GHĀT --- GHĀTT --- JĀT (Organization) --- JĀTT --- Kuan mao tsung hsieh ting (Organization) --- Kuan shui ho mao i tsung hsieh ting (Organization) --- Kuan shui yü mao i tsung hsieh ting (Organization) --- Kwase Muyŏk Ilban Hyŏpchŏng --- Muvāfaqatnāmah-i ʻUmūmī-i Taʻrifah va Tijārat --- Partes Contratantes del Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles Aduaneros y Comercio --- Parti contraenti dell'Accordo generale sulle tariffe doganali e sul commercio --- Parties contractantes à l'accord général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce --- Vertragsparteien des Allgemeinen Zoll- und Handelsabkommens --- جات --- International relations --- War --- Clauses (Law) --- Commercial treaties --- Reciprocity (Commerce) --- Tariff --- Commercial policy --- Indirect taxation --- Revenue --- Customs administration --- Favored nation clause --- Non-tariff trade barriers --- Competition, International --- Treaties --- Trade regulation --- Commerce --- International economic relations --- Non-traded goods --- Economic aspects --- United Nations. --- World Trade Organization --- ECONOMICS/Trade & Development